Discovery Rules

Criminal or civil litigation is the last resort for seeking justice from the system. Given the large number of litigation suits filed in democratic countries as the United States, there is a need to seek recompense in justice outside the legal system or before parties concerned agree to bring the issue to a court of law. These measures however need to be institutionalized so that both parties are satisfied with the processes and are encouraged to resolve the matter outside the court of law.The mechanism of discovery rules is one such instrument which has provided for pre-trial phase in a law suit. The discovery procedure allows the parties in a law suit to request for evidence including documents from the other parties. The law provides for making such requests which could be for production as well as depositions. If required sub poenas can be issued for production of evidence. The discovery rules if used purposefully can lead to minimizing litigations as well as provide justice to l itigants.The aim of the prosecution is to collect sufficient evidence to establish veracity of the case and to ensure justice. However frequently the prosecution acts as an instrument to prove guilt of the accused. This mistaken notion results in subverting the very process that is required to be undertaken under the discovery rules. To avoid this anomaly it is essential that the prosecution discloses all evidence to the accused in a criminal case prior to the trial.Having so displayed information in all respects, be it exculpatory or inculpatory by the prosecution, the defendant will be able to establish culpability of the offence and in turn decide either to challenge the case or to disclose as much evidence as possible for the prosecution to assess if the case is to be pursued or will achieve the ends of justice. The defendant is granted very justifiably protection under the Fifth Amendment, a privilege of attorney-client relationship as well as against self recrimination because of which he should not be required to disclose evidence to the prosecution.This ensures that practical problems of implementing discovery rules are overcome. Prosecution can misuse discovery rules to extract maximum evidence regarding the case to strengthen arguments rather than seeking ends of justice. As Stracher (1998) has indicated the best legal minds are involved in manipulation of evidence rather than seeking ends of justice. Thus it would be appropriate for the defendant is able to exercise privileges granted in the present socio-legal environment.

A Clockwork Orange: Summary

Synopsis: Young Alex and his gang members (Dim, Pete and Georgie) go on a rampage around the futuristic city in London. In the book what we call evil is actually a form of art to Alex. Alex loves art itself, particularly classical music. To Alex, the delight he finds in classical music is closely related to the joy he feels during acts of violence. The State’s destruction of Alex’s ability to make his own moral choices represents a greater evil than any of Alex’s crimes, since turning Alex into an automaton ultimately sanctions the notion that human nature is dispensable. Alex truly grows as a human being only in the last chapter, after the government removes his conditioning and he can see the error of his ways for himself, without the prompting of an external, controlling force. The slang used by the â€Å"Droogs† represents the social gap between youth and the elders of society. Aspects: Music: Music in this book is one of the main aspects. Music affects everyone in a different way. Alex when he listens to symphonies especially Ludwig Van Beethoven, he gets stimulated to do more violence. Good is bad and bad is good: A regular teens would go to school and have a part time job to make money. As we would think school, having a job, working for yourself is good for you. In a Clockwork Orange everything is switched around. Basically what the young adults find good is like robbing stores, raping women on the street, having gang fights, the good old ultra violence. Satire: The dystopia of  A Clockwork Orange  has a very satirical tone. The aspect of satire in the novel is in the form of political commentary. Alex and his gang deprive the community of moral choice and free will, limiting their personal freedoms. In this way, Anthony Burgess conveys an anti-totalitarian message in the novel. The futuristic dystopian society of the novel is a completely exaggerated claim of what a totalitarian government would lead to. In an attempt to prove the point that a deprivation of personal freedoms would be catastrophic to the world, Burgess paints a picture with absolutely no happiness, a picture painted satirically. Theme: If personal freedom is a justifiable sacrifice for comfort and social stability. His treatment shows that government would rather have a faceless society that shuns emotion and motive. Maturity: When Alex in the end shows that he wants too mature into an adult when he confronts or meets Pete.

Oedipus the king Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Oedipus the king - Essay Example In the expression, Jocasta is not the object or subject simply because she was not mentioning, and Oedipus calls it Lauis’ bed. This was a euphemism for sex with Jocasta, but Oedipus tries to hide the very envisioned meaning by dismissing Jocasta in Lauis’ life. Moreover, when speaking to Jocasta, the Senator dismisses her through a very diminutive statement that portrays the overall attitude that the society held about women. â€Å"Lady, what hinders you from taking him into the house?† (Storr, 01). Evidently, there were cultural restrictions that Senator knew prohibits women from taking men into the house but asks such a belligerent question just to provoke Jocasta who strives not to show that she is displeased by using a self-deprecatory tone. In the chorus, the word ‘womb’ features predominantly not to creative a positive impression of the important role of reproduction that women play in the society but to indicate how women were defined by thei r reproductive parts. Oedipus refers to Jocasta as his womb. â€Å"†¦teeming increase of the womb† (Storr, 01). Oedipus considers Jocasta not as his special wife, but as a womb that reproduces. To a greater extent, this portrays the role that women were allocated in the then society. This vicious and horrific portrayal of the women’s role is further bolstered when revulsion and devastation befalls women who try to deviate from their role and venture into more universally acceptable roles as might be interpreted in the contemporary society. Apparently, women are portrayed as people who should not be dreaded, and men should deal with them with a lot of self-assurance. A statement like â€Å"Who is this woman about whom ye fear?† indicates that women should not be feared under any circumstance (Storr, 01). Moreover, Oedipus believes that his sons will triumph in their later lives regardless of their ancestry but pities his daughters’ lives and wonders w ho might

Perceptions of the self Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Perceptions of the self - Essay Example According to Kant (2007), the main experience of the world is not only in terms of a spoilt stream of sensations, but see and experience a world full of relationships, ideas, objects living within a stable framework of both time and design. At times, the discreet and also randomly similar sensations, rule peoples experience; for example when a strong fever generates funny hallucinations. Nevertheless, we stay in a stable and precise, orderly world where the different sensations become built together in a framework that is familiar to us. In Kant’s (2007) view, the problem Hume had was not on his starting point, but solely on the reason that he refused to move from the starting point to the next level of experience. Though we know that knowledge starts with experience, it does not mean that everything comes from experience. It can even be from the empirical knowledge that consists of what we get from the knowledge faculty and also through impressions. According to Kant (2007), human minds sort, organize, relate and then synthesize the pieces of information that the organs of sense absorb. As an example, imagine a person dumps an enormous pile of pieces of the puzzle on a desk. At first glance, they would look like a random collection of different items that are not related and have no meaning. This is just like the sensations of an immediate unreflective experience. Nevertheless, when the person starts to assemble the pieces, they start forming an image that would be significant. In Kant’s (2007) view, this construction activity is what peoples brains are doing every time, taking that raw experience data, and actively assembling it to more familiar, meaningful environment that we live in . Human minds have organized rules or principles built in them. These principles order, arrange, organize and then synthesize the sense data in a more familiar way of peoples lives. The organizing rules precede the

A formal analysis of Darius Painters storage jar with Perseus and Essay

A formal analysis of Darius Painters storage jar with Perseus and Andromeda - Essay Example The Darius Painter was unique in the sizable height of his pottery, which included works that stood over three feet tall. The throat of the jar is decorated with the typical red trim that one associates with this genre, and the row of squares that goes around the lower half of the jar, beneath the pictures, is also typical. The jar literally teems with people: the bottom shows Andromeda in a position of humility, kneeling to gain reconciliation with the other members of her family. Perseus and Aphrodite stand above, flanking Hermes as they watch this scene occur. The eyes show a powerful energy not often found in this genre of vase-painting. The figures all show vibrant curvature and show a realistic potential for energetic motion. This makes sense, given the Darius Painter's influences, which primarily involved viewing theatrical productions. The fluid movement of his figures reflects the choreography that went into early Greek theater, as do the crowded nature of his figures, and t heir dramatic composition. When you first view this vase, your eye is drawn to a triangular dynamic that surrounds Andromeda, her father, and Aphrodite up above. Trapped in the middle appears to be a winged messenger, perhaps Hermes. The closeness of the three other figures around him, combined with his uneasy facial expression, adds a definite sense of tension to this grouping.

United Healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

United Healthcare - Essay Example United Healthcare has developed various programs that will help in providing consumers of all ages and gender with health services. The programs include AmeriChoice, OptumHealth, and Ingenix (UHG, 2009). AmeriChoice is a program that the organization has developed to help low-income families to access health care at an affordable price. This program enables low-income families to pay for health services using any means that fits their economic well-being (Gray, Lowery, & Benz, 2013). This development will enhance low-income earners to access health services in the organization in the next decade. The institution has also developed a program known as OptumHealth that helps employees who have health needs. This initiative educates the employees and it helps them to overcome chronic diseases (Miles, 2012). This program will enable all organizations to enroll their workers in the initiative to improve their health. A report by the United Healthcare organization indicates that at least 10,000 baby boomers turn 65 on a daily basis (UHG, 209). This has motivated the organization to develop a program known as Ovations, which helps individuals who are above 50 years to get the health care that they deserve. This initiative helps the aging members of the society to determine and access the health services that fit their personal needs. The organization is also entering into partnerships with shopping centers and stores to increase access to health services. These partnerships enable the company to open branches in the shopping centers (Showalter, 2012). This will ensure that citizens access health education and services almost at their doorstep in the next decade and beyond this time. Â  

Questionnaires for dissertation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Questionnaires for dissertation - Essay Example .......................................................................................................................... Why?.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Why?........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Why?.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Why?........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Why?.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Explain........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Why?.................................................................................................................................................................................................

The Impact of Employee Participation for Transparency Research Paper

The Impact of Employee Participation for Transparency - Research Paper Example The selection process needs to be ethical, legal, documented, transparent and should involve the current or existing employees of the firm (Larson & Gray, 2006). The participatory approach is also crucial towards the implementation of team working activities. According to renowned scholars, whenever a company is thinking of bringing a new employee in the organization, their potential collaboration with the coworkers and fit in the system is important. As a result of that when an employee itself is a part of the recruitment process they become more committed to making the new joining employee get accustomed to the situation and succeed in their professional life. Hence, it is evident that employee participation in the process of employee recruitment is a beneficial factor for the firm (Love & Bullen, 2009). This research paper will, however, concentrate on the hiring and recruitment process of the public agencies and to what extent participation of the employees would ensure transpare ncy in the recruitment process. Summary of the literature Selecting and retaining the valuable and efficient employees is a key to business success. Employees who seek continuous skill development, as well as add value to the organization, are the most vital resources of the organization. Thus, it is extremely important to value the employees as well as put more efforts in selecting the right candidates. The principal element of any recruitment plan is to enhance the quality of staffing and developing the overall productivity of the organization. ... g employees and hiring the new employees is an area of business where the company is expected to maintain high levels of transparency, lucidity, and responsibility. Although, the same is evident in many companies whereas some companies often fail in maintain transparency in the recruitment process and are alleged of getting involved in biases or deceptive activities. According to Mumford (2011), one of the most useful ways to maintain transparency in the recruitment process is to involve the existing employees in the recruitment process. The same concept is applicable to the public agencies as well. Since the principal aim of these organizations is to make the welfare of the general public and profit making intention are on the second list, high levels of honesty and veracity in the recruitment process are expected from them. A number of research studies have shown that the recruitment process of the organizations differs in various aspects. For example, some companies have lengthy s creening process whereas some have a unique evaluation system. Nevertheless, what is important is to maintain a greater level of lucidity.  

Article Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Review - Article Example g tool of promotion, but it has provided a wide platform of online market between the consumers and sellers in selling and purchasing of goods and services. Unfortunately, with infinite quantities of information being published on the internet, the protection of intellectual property rights has been introduced in order to protect various brands and products from unscrupulous vendors. Notably, the countries around the world have been striving to best utilize the technological advancement. Among these countries, Canada has efficiently been able to take benefits of e-business, as the country is witnessing an increasing trend of business transaction based on electronic links and data exchange between the sellers and the customers. Accordingly, it was reported by Statistics Canada in its ‘Internet use survey’ that the people of Canada are making greater and more diverse use of the internet and in 2010 nearly 79 percent of the Canadian household had internet access, while 81 p ercent in metropolitan and 71 percent in rural areas possessed internet access (The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited, â€Å"Intellectual Property and E-Commerce†), Intellectual property includes creation of mind such as names, symbols and designs that are used in e-business or in general commercial activities as well as artistic works. There has been a number of Acts being enacted to protect these e-business intellectual property including the patent rights, Trade Marks Act, Industrial Design Act, and Copyright Act among others. These require the inventor to register patents, symbols, designs, music and artistic work with respective Acts or the agencies dealing with such activities. Any infringement relating to intellectual property permits the licensers and the licensees to sue against the third party under the Canadian intellectual property rights (The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited, â€Å"Intellectual Property and E-Commerce†), Privacy is a major issue which is concerned with the

Nursing research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 62

Nursing research - Essay Example The quantitative designs should identify the potential influences that may affect the dependent variable in relation to the independent variable. The confounders should be controlled to ensure that the analytical inferences apply. The independent variable is the one believed to have an impact on the phenomenon being investigated. All quantitative designs should satisfy the independent variable. The dependent variable is the one that researchers anticipate to make observations. The dependent variable should be specified in the quantitative design because the research idea is to construct a project that brings out the relationship between the two variables. Internal validity focuses on the extent to which the effects reflected in the study represents the reality rather than resulting from the extraneous variables. The threats to internal validity include history, maturation and testing. History represents an event that occurs during the study and can impact on the responses of the part icipants. Maturation indicates that participants become older, wiser, more hungry and depressed. The effect being investigated may also change depending on the number of times the tests are conducted. The design of the outcome research first requires the researcher to identify the perspective on which the conclusion will be arrived. Evaluation alternatives should also be established and ranked depending on their probabilities of occurrence. The probabilities can emanate from expert panels, clinical trial data and literature review (Rezaie and Schwebel 539). A sensitivity analysis is carried once the data is collected and analyzed. These components can be applied in the formulation of the health plans and measuring the cure rates for certain diseases. Outcome research is also effective in identifying the patient functional status and the obligations of daily living and outpatient

Establishing a Teen Court Program Essay Example for Free

Establishing a Teen Court Program Essay Inspired on discussions with the parents-teachers associations, the Teen Court Program has been established to allow the young to deal with issues that bother them. With this program, the school initiates an establishment of a court where teenagers are the judges, prosecutors, and defendants handling cases of fellow teenagers. This court shall handle minor offenses, usually those which are done inside the school premises. Thus, the teen court will affect the school as a whole. The students who are taking part and those for which the teen court will be imposed upon as well as the officials and parents of the students will be involved in the program. The Teen Court Program will be established with the student council. The participants will be required to attend a one-day seminar with the Juvenile Division Parole and Probation Center to familiarize themselves with court procedures. After the seminar, a selection will be done as to who shall be jurors, court clerks and bailiffs. Others will be given assignments as attorneys from which cases can be ascribed and consulted with. They will be manning case proceedings in such a way that adults do them. The only difference here is the age. The Teen Court Program will take of next year, beginning with the seminar slated at the Juvenile Division Parole and Probation Center on January 15, 2008. It will be followed by a series of qualifying tests and interviews to divide responsibilities among the members of the group. Primarily, the members of the teen court will come from the student council. However, non-members of the student council can likewise serve as volunteers. Should they aspire for positions, they will be asked to attend a pre-set seminar and go through he same tests and interviews. If they are volunteering as support assistants, all they need to do is be a bona fide student of the institution to be able to apply and qualify. Adults such as parents may also volunteer for administrative functions such as billing, management, and planning. The Teen Court Program is expected to improve the juvenile justice system in the school. It will also upgrade the treatment on minor offenders in the community. With it, minors are arrested and tried on the court in front of a teenage representation. Ultimately, it allows minors to be the leaders and defendants of justice in their own right. The school decided to create the Teen Court Program to allow teenagers to deal with their own issues. Believing that adults may lack or have no understanding of the issues surrounding teenagers given the difference in age and activities, the school has taken this step. It also creates leaders, and allows teenagers to take part in such important activities. The juvenile court program will proceed on offenses that are considered minor to be taken to the non-juvenile courts. These offenses include minor fights where there are no casualties, stealing, all forms of cheating, and other misbehaviors. The program is beneficial at that it allows offenders to be tried according to a due process instead of being confined with the judgments of the local school board (made up of adults); the peers of offenders will be able to testify and give their sides, and learn lessons as well. School officials will also be less burdened by these minor offenses, and in general the community benefits because the minors being tried in these juvenile courts are handled accordingly and receives no exposure to real criminals. It has also been found that juvenile courts are cheaper to operate.

What Are The Weaknesses Of Democratic Transition Theory Politics Essay

What Are The Weaknesses Of Democratic Transition Theory Politics Essay Throughout the 20th century, democracy has gained its status as the predominant and most legitimate form of national governance. Through complex and diverse processes of democratization, not all successful, increasingly more states embedded democratic characteristics and procedures into their governance systems. Consequently, democracy and democratization swiftly became the subject-matter of extensive academic literature, widely referred to as Democratic Transition Theory (hereafter: DTT), which aims to scrutinize various aspects of emerging democratic regimes and democratic transitions. This essay will focus on the question What are the weaknesses of democratic transition theory. It will assess, while using the case-study of democratization processes in the former-Yugoslavia states, different shortcomings of existing DTT, which arguably undermine its theoretical validity and call into question the extent to which it is useful in explaining contemporary democratic transitions First, at the theoretical level, DTTs incoherent and diverse use of concepts, variables and methods, which weakens its internal validity. Second, at the empirical level, DTT is inapplicable to contemporary variants of democratic transitions mainly due to the impact of globalization processes on notions of statehood and citizenship in post-conflict situations, which weakens its external validity. Third, at the practical level, DTT blurs boundaries between academic accounts and policy prescriptions as well as between descriptive and normative perspectives, which calls into question its utility as a guiding principle for democratization policy. Based on these three critiques, I will argue that we should differentiate between notions of DTT as an academic theory and as a political paradigm. As an academic theory, we should perceive it as an open project and thus further develop it in order to suggest plausible explanations of contemporary transitions. As a political paradigm, we should acknowledge the theoretical limitations in using it to underwrite democratization policy and therefore revisit its prescriptive and normative strands. (A)Democratic-Transition-Theory: A-Historical-Background DTT is a field of study that focuses on exploring the political phenomenon of regime transitions. In this sense, DTT is a fairly coherent research program, which encompasses various studies which aim to scrutinize the process by which a state attempts to embed democratic features in its formal and informal patterns of governance. DTTs contemporary incarnation evolved in light of the democratic transitions in Latin America and South Europe starting in the mid 1970s. These processes, which Huntington-(1991) dubbed the third wave of democratization, begat a prominent line of DTT studies (e.g. Huntington, 1991; ODonnell and Schmitter,1996), suggesting various explanatory frameworks for these transitions. Nevertheless, studies on democracy as a form of governance emerged before that. Seminal works of American scholars in the 1960s articulated the first configuration of DTT, which aimed to scrutinize the structural settings that arguably explained democratic patterns, these usually focused either on economic factors, like modernization and economic development or on cultural factors, like political culture. These were nevertheless more of an attempt to empirically identify the structural conditions that shape specific modes of political institutions and focused less on the studying the process of democratic transition itself. The political processes of the-Third-Wave, have generated a new approach to DTT, which diverted the focus from strictly structural explanations to agent-oriented ones. This new approach emphasizes the role of political elites as agents that realize and execute democratic transitions (for an overview on DTT, see Bunce,2000: 705-715) The study of democratization expanded in light of democracys worldwide expansion. Multiple regional and cross-regional studies were performed in various attempts to deduce theoretical generalizations regarding democratization. Altogether, these studies explored a common type of transition, characterized as the process through which a breakthrough of an authoritarian regime in a certain state results in transition toward democracy (Carothers, 2002:). In this sense, DTT studies differed in the various causal explanations of the factors that facilitate the political phenomenon of regimes transitions. By focusing on the processes features rather than on its diverse origins or potential outcomes, these studies suggested a certain and limited prism on democratic transitions. This prism, based on retrospective empirical evaluations of concrete and deliberated democratization processes in Latin America and South Europe, painted a picture of relatively sequenced and pre-determent patterns of democratic reforms within nondemocratic states. The criteria for evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of theories are typically based on assessing their internal and external validity. Internal validity refers to the strength of the causal links a theory suggests in terms of conceptualizing, measuring and qualifying its variables-and the relations between them. External validity refers to the extent to which theories can be generalized and applied to situations other than those examined. In the next section, I will evaluate-both the internal and external validity of DTT. First, internally in terms of concepts and methodology, and then externally in terms of its applicability to explaining more recent regime transitions- specifically, the fragmentation of Yugoslavia from 1990-1999. (B)DTT-Weaknesses: Internal-Validity DTTs main weakness in terms of internal validity is the lack of sufficient coherence in its concepts, variables and the links it suggests between them (Munck,1994). DTT as a research program encompasses various studies aiming to explain democratic transitions; however, these studies define democratic and/or transitions in different ways. This in turn creates a situation in which theories that allegedly claim to offer alternative explanations to the same phenomenon, actually explain different phenomena. For example, the book of ODonnell and Schmitter (1986), a seminal DTT work, posits in its first paragraph that it deals with transitions from certain authoritarian regime toward an uncertain something else' (ODonnell and Schmitter, 1986:3). Huntingtons book, probably the work that is most identified with the DTT, declares in its preface that it is about the transition of some thirty countries from nondemocratic to democratic political system (Huntington: 1991, 3). Linz and Stephen (1996), present a third approach, which attempts to revisit the traditional DTT and explore how the character of different nondemocratic regimes affects, or does not affect, the paths that can be taken to complete a transition to a democratic regime (Linz and Stephen, 1996: 3). These three examples reflect three different conceptualization of democratization: ODonnell and Schmitter focus on the origins of a political transition, Huntington examines the factors that shape the process of democratization, and Linz and Stephan illuminate the final phase of the process, the consolidation. These different explanatory frameworks, although complementary to a certain extent, are incomparable in terms of evaluating the strength of their arguments and their plausibility. Furthermore, DTT studies not only conceptualize democratic transition differently, but-also conceptualize democracy differently. This illuminates two major disagreements that hinder the internal validity of DTT. At the conceptual level, DTT theorists disagree over which democratic features should be used to signify the degree of both existence and success of democratic transitions. At the methodological level, they-disagree on how these features can and should be measured. For example, while Huntington prefers to stick to the minimal definition of democracy as a political system in which decision-makers are selected through fair, honest and periodic elections (Huntington,1991:7), Linz and Stephan choose a wider definition comprising behavioural, attitudinal and constitutional elements (Linz and Stephan,1996:6). The challenge of defining and operationalizing democracy indicators corresponds with the extensive academic literature of democratic theory. The latter, a close relative of democratic transition theory, focuses on highly contested questions of defining, measuring and qualifying democracy both procedurally as a form of government and conceptually as a conduit of specific values and norms (e.g. Beetham, 1994). The challenge for DTT in this sense is obvious. If there is no consensus on how to define democracy, how to qualify it and how it can be measured, how could DTT attempt to portray the trajectories of transition to democracy, let alone explain the factors that shape them. For example, the common explanation of elite-driven transition, which emphasizes the essential role of political elites in the transition process, fails to explain the relations between democracy and political elites, namely to explicate why, and under what conditions, political elites will be motivated to perpet uate political transition (Bunce,2000). These are just several examples of the theorys internal shortcomings. Alongside others, these examples raise questions regarding the ability of DTTs causal explanations to depict a complete picture of the specific transitions they aim to explain (Munck, 1994). This by itself is a sufficient reason to question the transferability of the theory and the ability of applying it on other transitions (Pridham, 2000:1-3). The next section will focus on democratic transitions in the Balkans as a case-study to illustrate the limitations of using classic premises of DTT as plausible theoretical lenses for explaining political transitions in contemporary post-conflict situations. (C)DTT-Weaknesses:-External-Validity Yugoslavias disintegration and the Balkan wars (1990-1999) that followed led to the creation of seven new independent states (including Kosovo). All were required to face the complex mission of reconstructing (actually constructing) basic political and economic state-infrastructures. This mission is composed, according to Offe (quoted in Kostovicova and Bojicic-Dzelilovic,2006: 226) , of triple transition: (1) At the societal level, nation-state building (which can be separated into two different building processes state-institutions and the nation); (2) at the economic level, economic liberalization and (3) at the political level, democratization (see also Blunden, 2004:22-23 and Hippler, 2008). These are not separated transitions. In practice, they not only overlap and intertwine, but they also affect each other and are shaped by similar factors. In this respect, democratic transitions in the Balkans cannot be examined separately from the context of concurrent transitions on one h and and of the historical circumstances and legacies that generated those, on the other (Pridham, 2000:9-15). Herein lays DTTs main deficiency: it is almost blind to the importance of different contexts, at both the domestic and international realms which could potentially affect democratic transitions. . For years, DTT studies explained democratization from the inside, whether by structural variables like economic and cultural factors, or by agent-oriented approaches, which focus on political elites and their role in redesigning political institutions. By that, DTT largely refers to the transition as an isolated process that is dependent on the confluence of a set of (rather contested) driving forces that arguably promote democracy. It thus ignores the specific contexts and preconditions within which it takes place, as well as the related external forces (Carothers, 2002; Whitehead, 2002). I will elaborate only on the two contextual impediments of DTT, which seem most relevant for explaining political transitions in the global era: (1) the role of statehood and citizenship and (2) the international dimension. Both of these factors gain extra significance if one accepts the common understanding that processes of globalization for the past couple of decades have challenged classical no tions of the states legitimacy and authority. One of the main indicators of democratization processes in the Balkans is popular elections, which were held in all of the emerging Balkan states ever sense the-aftermath of the Balkans-wars. Even if we will accept the disputed assertion that elections endow a polity with the label democratic, the statehood of these polities still remains questionable (Edmunds, 2007; Krastev, 2002). The puzzling phenomenon of democracy preceding statehood, simply does not meet the basic premises of DTT, hence highlights the latter inapplicability to post-conflict political transitions. One of DTTs core assumptions is that the polity in transition is not only a state, but also a consolidated one. It assumes that the transition is occurring within the framework of an existing infrastructure of political institutions and is reconstructed through the transition process (Carothers, 2002). The case of the Balkan states imposes a new challenge to this. When former Yugoslav states declared independence, they not only lacked effective and legitimate governments, but were also locked in a state of ethnic conflict. Both conditions have fundamental effects on subsequent democratization processes. Democratization in the Balkans was essentially entwined with processes of state-building and nation-building, and thus was framed more as means to empower forces who wanted to shape the future nation-state and less as an independent aim. This argument could be applied to both nationalist forces operating within quasi-states and to the participating international and transnational acto rs (Blunden, 2004; Pridham, 2000). The fragmentation of Yugoslavia and subsequent wars created a great political and social vacuum in its former republics. Opposed to the basic assumptions of DTT, the political transitions in this region were not a consequence of a regimes breakthrough but rather of a state. This did not lead to processes of political reconstruction, but rather a fundamental need to construct social, economic and political institutions. The post-conflict vacuum, characterized by a great sense of social insecurity, facilitated a competition between various forces over power and authority within a given territory (Hippler, 2008). This competition was embodied in the Balkan conflicts and in the reconstruction processes that followed them. Subsequently, post-war processes of state-building in the Balkans became associated with nation-building processes evolving around ethnic-fragmentation. Given the legacies of the failure of the prior state-authority to maintain its statehood and conflicts that generated from that, the post-conflict situation in the Balkan illuminated the attractiveness of state authority alternatives in the form of nationalism and identity politics (Kostovicova and Bojicic-Dzelilovic,2006:229-230; 2009; Smith,1996: 2-3). Consequently, crucial power shifts within the realm of the state allocated more power to exclusive ethno-nationalist groups than to inclusive ones (Zakaria,2003:15). For example, In Bosnia-Herzegovina(BiH), since 1996 the parliament has been dominated by the wartime nationalist parties, reflecting popular support for ethnic divides and separatism (Waters,2004). This demonstrates the inability of the new state systems to create what Smith (1996) calls a balance between the civic and ethnic dimensions of nationalism (Smith,1996:97-102). Constant disagreements over the definition of the people and the transformation from a Westphalian d efinition, which is based on bordered territory, to an ethnicity-based definition of people, undermined the ability of any state representative to establish equilibrium and therefore to consolidate effective and legitimate democratic states. Furthermore, nationalist groups use democratic practices to recreate the nation and national identity rather than create a functioning state (Smith, 1996:80-82). For example, in 2004-5 Serbian and Montenegrin nationalist group used the political institutions in Serbia and Montenegro (unified state back then) as part of their as part of their struggle for independence and separation (Edmund, 2007). Under the circumstances of weak and fragile states, these ethnic fragmentations just could not be accommodated under any constellation of democratically-elected government (Edmunds, 2007; Krastev,2002:49; Waters,2004; Zakaria, 2003:113-155). As a result, the emerging Balkan states emphasized their ethnic components and therefore provoked processes of hyper-nationalism, ethnic-centralization and exclusion (Smith,1996:105-106), all of which are essentially counterproductive to state-building processes. The lack of a civic component, which essentially defines the relationship between the state and its citizens, imposes more challenges for DTT, which presupposes the existence of statehood and in particular, clear definitions of citizens and citizenship. In this respect, citizenship is acknowledged as prerequisite to democracy, not to mention one of its constitutive elements. After all, if democracy is literally the rule of the people, without agreement on who are the people there cannot be a democracy. Thus, if one embraces Grugels concept of democratization as the establishment of democratic practices of citizenship (Grugel,2003:250), the absence of a clear civic component in the Balkan states questions the mere existence of democratic transitions within them and emphasize their embedded weakness (Kostovicova and Bojicic-Dzelilovic,2009). In terms of DTT, this emphasizes the need to expand its explanatory frameworks to cases in which there is not only a regime transition but also a transition (or construction) of a state, which entails differentiating between the constitutive elements of democracy citizenship and statehood and its procedural practices, like elections. Another neglected dimension of DTT, which arguably has crucial impact on contemporary post-conflict transitions, is the international dimension (Schmitz,2004). International forces, and external forces in general have always had some impact on domestic democratization transitions as demonstrated by US efforts in the Alliance for Progress (1961) and various foreign aid schemes for democratization states in Latin America. Nevertheless, although prominent DTT scholars acknowledged the role of the US in third wave democratization processes (Huntington,1991:91-100), and recognized ,its part in the history of democratization, the role of external forces or superpowers was not incorporated into DTTs explanatory frameworks thus was absent from democratization theory (Schmitz,2004). More than that, the DTTs reliance on firm division between the external and domestic realms overlooks the involvement of external, international, global and transnational elements in these transitions and thus ign ores their role in shaping the course of contemporary post-conflict transition. Here again the political transitions in the Balkans reveal the inapplicability of the DTT to contemporary conflicts because of its tendency to decontextualize the political phenomenon it aims to explore. The DTT treats democracy and democratization as unitary concepts that have firm meanings regardless of time and space constraints, and thus assumes they can be defined and measured via objective and positivist lenses. Nevertheless, since democracy as a set of political procedures is the manifestation of set of ideas and concepts, its meaning is dynamic and interpretative, that is constructed and socialized by social institutions and actors under specific social and historical circumstances. An important shift in the ideas and meanings of democracy and democratization has occurred in the past few decades (Whitehead,2002:7-9). The end of the Cold-War marked for many the triumph of democracy as a desirable idea. This, accompanied by recently emergent ideas of human security, generated a paradigm shift in the academic and political agendas toward the need to embody and realize notions of human, liberal and political rights. President Clinton articulated this trend in its first inaugural speech (1992): [O]ur greatest strength is the power of our ideas, which are still new in many lands. Across the world, we see them embraced, and we rejoice. Our hopes, our hearts, our hands, are with those on every continent who are building democracy and freedom. Their cause is Americas cause.  [1]   In light of these notions, NATO, under U.S. leadership, framed its involvement in the Balkan wars at both diplomatic level (e.g. the Dayton Agreement, 1996) and military one (e.g. NATOs Operation Joint Guardian in Kosovo,1999). Another example for the ideational framework of the external forces in the Balkans is the involvement of NATO the UN, the EU, and GCS bodies in managing reconstruction and state-building tasks in the region. The official objectives of these tasks illustrate their aim to develop in these states the civic components of statehood and democracy. For example, the mission of NATO-led stabilization force in BiH articulates that its legal and political framework was determined in light of Dayton Agreements goals (1996): To provide a safe and secure environment; To-establish a-unified, democratic Bosnia-and Herzegovina.; To rebuild-the-economy.; and To allow the return of displaced persons and refugees to their prewar-homes.  [2]   The mandate of the UN-Mission in BiH (1995) emphasizes the role of law enforcement, whose main tasks include: Monitoring, observing and inspecting law enforcement activities and facilities; advising law enforcement personnel and forces; assessing threats to public order and advising on the capability of law-enforcement agencies to deal with such threats  [3]  . It also makes its assistance to specific parties in BiH conditional and declares that it will: Consider-requests from the parties-or law-enforcement agencies in-Bosnia and Herzegovina for-assistance, with priority being given to ensuring the existence of conditions for free and fair elections. The objectives of the UN peacekeeping force in Kosovo (KFOR, 1999) are also similar: Support the-establishment-of civilian institutions, law and order, the judicial and penal system, the electoral-process-and other-aspects of the political, economic and social life of the province.  [4]   The main-problem though, is that these forces by attempting to design and supply the civic components of the state in-light-of western models of statehood and democracy, served as substitute for the state and practically empowered the anti-statist forces in the region, namely the ethno-nationalist groups as a by-product of democratization (Waters, 2004:424-427). The American diplomat Richard-Holbrooks expressed his concern from this implication in the course of the 1996 Bosnian-elections: Suppose the election was declared free and fairà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and those elected are racists, fascists, separatists, who are publicly opposed to [peace and reintegration]. That is the dilemma. (Quoted in Zakaria,2003:17-18) As exemplified above, this has realized in practice, and the institutions that the external forces aimed to achieve in the Balkans, were used by ethno-nationalist movements as a platform to fuel trends of populism and claim their authority in the name of an exclusive ethnic majority (Smilov and Krastev, 2008:8-10). The above examples illustrate two important notions regarding the weakness of DTT to theorize the role of external forces. First, its indifference to the fact that international and transnational forces play a significant role in processes-of democratization and state reconstruction (Lewis,1997). Second, its indifference to the significance-of contextual and ideational-evolutions in concepts of democracy, as shaping and determining-this role. A comprehensive theoretical account on democratic transitions thus has to consider both the ways in which external forces fulfill their role in the transitions and the material and ideational factors that motivate them to do so. By further scrutinizing the role of external forces in democratization processes, DTT, could perhaps suggest refined and crystallized notions regarding the relations between external and internal forces in contemporary democratic transitions as well as provide further insights regarding the appropriate ways to manage and execute these transitions (e.g. Kostovicova and Bojicic-Dzelilovic,2006; Schmitz, 2004). The first question to be asked, in this respect, is if DTT in its essence is adequate to serve as a guiding policy tool for democratic transitions. (D) DTT: Between-Academic-Theory-and-Political-Paradigm: The relative success of the third wave of democratization coincided with the end of the Cold War, conferred extra normative weight upon concepts of democracy and democratization and anchored democratization processes to the conception that democracy is good and desirable. This conception developed in light of historical and social circumstances that generated specific normative perceptions and-interpretations of democracy. DTTs main theoretical and empirical assertions were combined with similar normative notions regarding the merits of democracy. It was thus shifted from a merely descriptive and explanatory framework to a prescriptive one, representing a new paradigm, in the academic and political realms, regarding the prospects of democracy promotions (e.g. Diamond, 2003; Fukuyama, 1992). Consequently, more and more entrepreneurs of democracy promotion framed and justified their policies via a mixture of normative and descriptive notions of DTT, as the paradigmatic foundation for attempts to support and encourage democratic transitions around the globe. The essential question thus is if indeed DTT is designated to serve as the theoretical basis of democratization policies in general and of contemporary post-conflict transitions in particular. The democratization attempts in the Balkans can shed light on this question. The attempts of the international community and GCS networks to democratize the Balkan states by emphasizing the virtues of elections as a platform for democracy and of law enforcement mechanisms as a platform for constitutionalism, exemplify the limitations of DTT. The overall success of these attempts is questionable as much as-the democratic transitions in the Balkan states are questionable due to, alongside other reasons, the theorys deficiencies pre sented above. First, in terms of cause and effect, these attempts were-based-on incoherent means and methods that were incompatible to the aim they wished to-achieve. Second, they were inapplicable under the ontological features of the political transitions in the Balkans, which were shaped by the new and unfamiliar context of globalization, manifested in non-statist (i.e., sub-national, transnational and global) trends and patterns of conflict and post-conflict reconstruction (Kostovicova and Bojicic-Dzelilovic,2009; On the EUs Europeanization-approach to the Balkans see Kostovicova and Bojicic-Dzelilovic,2006). These patterns demonstrate the blurred trajectory DTT has taken in recent years and calls into question its ability to serve as the theoretical basis for policies of democratization. This, I wish to argue, has less to do with DTT itself but rather with its transformation from academic theory to political paradigm. As argued above, the end of the Cold-War served as a normative leverage for democracy and democratization as political concepts. Those consequently gained normative weight, which altered the concept of democratic transitions from being a mere dependant variable in terms of DTT to aspired political objective. In this sense, DTT was politicized and shifted from being a framework, which aimed-to understand and explain reality into a framework which ascribed its shape and designed desirable political realities. Furthermore, DTT became a tool to justify and frame policy, migrating it from the academic sphere to the political one. Nevertheless, DTT was not simply applied to new c ases of political transitions as a guiding principle, but rather was translated and rephrased. Different entrepreneurs stripped DTT of its original theoretical constructs and rephrased them as both public conventions and political convictions (see also Ish-Shalom,2006 on the migration process of the Democratic Peace theory.). I use the word strip since once a theory migrates from academic to political discourse, it is detached from the skeptical and cautious discourse to which it was originally anchored. Academic theories are essentially specific adhered-to standards that qualify it to participate in the academic discourse. Among these requisites are expressed notions of cautiousness and skepticism that frame theorizing processes more as a set of probabilistic assertions than as a natural law. In return, theorists usually refer to-their theories as-project that is open to interpretations, refutations and further developments. More than that, theorists set the conditions under which their theories can-be-applied, and-by that acknowledge the limitations of theoretical generalizations (Ish-Shalom, 2008:683-685). This, for example, is clearly a part of the theorizing process of the DTT in its original setting as an academic-theory, which was explicitly cautious regarding its ability to serve as a model, rather than an explanation. Huntington for example, clearly states that his account of the third wave of democratization is limited-to the specific cases he selected for the study and thu s questions his own theorys external validity (Huntington,1991:xiii). ODonnell and Schmitter explicitly suggest in their books title tentative-conclusions and point that although there is a normative strand to the DTT that recognizes democratization as desirable, one has to acknowledge that transitions are essentially disordered and thus difficult to theorize and deduce to concrete generalizations. Democratic transitions thus should not be regarded as either linear or deterministic in their nature (ODonnell and Schmitter,1986:3-5). Interestingly, Carotherss critique (2002) The End of the Transition Paradigm implicitly acknowledges the theorys migration process by referring explicitly to subject under critique democratic transition paradigm rather than to democratic-transition-theory. It is important to stress the differences between theory and paradigm. A paradigm is a worldview composed of a set of axiomatic, possibly normative, notions regarding facets of the world. Theory on the other hand is the result of complex process of systematically organizing paradigmatic conceptions into sets of assumptions, testable hypotheses, and feasible arguments usually framed by conditioned if and then matrixes. DTT, in this sense, shifted from being a theory, constrained by the common standards of academic theorizing, into a political paradigm that embodies a specific set of values and norms. Consequently, the use some would even argue abuse of the idea of DTT as a paradigmatic-framework for democratization policies is inadequate given its initial purposes and limitations as a theory. This use can be seen as a selective, even distorte

Implement Synthesizable Square Root Algorithm On Fpga Engineering Essay

Implement Synthesizable Square Root Algorithm On Fpga Engineering Essay The main objective of this paper is to implement synthesizable square root algorithm on FPGA. As square root function is not synthesizable on Silicon, this paper proposes optimized non restoring square root algorithm for unsigned 8 bit number on ED2C20F484C7 device in Cyclone II family. This algorithm is implemented in gate level abstraction of Verilog HDL. The basic building block of the design is CSM (Controlled Subtract Multiplex) block. It makes use of only subtract operation and append 01 which is an improvement over restoring algorithm. Keyword: FPGA,CSM,Verilog HDL,fixed point Introduction The square root function is a basic operation in computer graphic and scientific calculation application. Due to its algorithm complexity, the square root operation is hard to be designed in digital system. As known, digital system has been used in daily life or industrial purpose that may have been in need of square root operation to fully execute its functions. Scientists have developed various algorithms for square root calculation. But the implementation of algorithms is difficult because of their complexities and thus results into long delays for its completion. There are two main families of algorithms that can be used to extract square roots. The first family is that of digit recurrence, which provides one digit (often one bit) of the result at each iteration[6]. Each iteration consists of additions and digit-by-number multiplications (which have comparable cost) Such algorithms have been widely used in microprocessors that didnt include hardware multipliers. Most of the FPGA implementations in vendor tools or in the literature use this approach. Second family of algorithms uses multiplications. It includes quadratic convergence recurrences derived from the Newton-Raphson iteration [5]. The digit recurrence approaches allow one to build minimal hardware, while multiplicative approaches allow one to make the best use of available resources when these include multipliers. Also there are estimation method and digit-by-digit method. Digit-by-digit method is classified into two distinct classes: restoring and non- restoring algorithm [1]. In restoring algorithm, remainder is restored in the regular flow. So its implementation needs more hardware. Compared to the restoring algorithm, the non restoring algorithm does not restore the remainder, which can be implemented with fewest hardware resource and the result is hardware simple implementation. It is most suitable for FPGA implementation. Restoring and non restoring square root calculation Restoring Algorithm Step 1: If it is a 2n bit number then divide it in a group of 2 bits Step2: Subtract 1 from the first 2 digits (starting from MSB) Step3: Whenever the result of the subtraction is positive then the developed root is 1 otherwise 0 Step4: Whenever the result is negative, write it as it is. We have to restore the wrong guess by appending 01 and guessed square root. Step5: Now take the next two digits Step6: Append 01 (to be subtracted from next two digits of dividend) and guessed square root to subtract from the remainder. Step7: If the result of subtraction is negative then restore previous remainder by adding wrong guess by appending 01 and guessed square root. Step8: Every time guessed square root has to be updated while appending 01. Step9: Continue the steps until the group of two digits end 1 0 0 1.1 0 1 0 01 01 11 01.00 00 00 00 01 00 01 take next two digits from dividend 1 01 Append 01 Negative value 11 00 + 1 01 0 0 01 11 -10 01 11 10 Negative value + 10 01 01 11 01 10 00 01 11 00 00 10 01 01 01 01 1 00 10011 01 1011111 + 1001101 010110 00 010011001 000010111 00 100110101 1100100111 Figure 1: The example of restoring algorithm to solve square root B. Proposed Modified Non Restoring Algorithm A little modification in non restoring algorithm makes calculation faster. It uses only subtract operation and appends 01. It uses n stage pipelining to find square root of 2n bit number. The following algorithm describes the modified non restoring square root algorithm. Step1: Start Step2: Initialize the radicand (p) which is 2n bit number. Divide the radicand in two bits beginning at binary point in both directions. Step3: Beginning on the left (most significant), select the first group of one or two digit (If n is odd then first group is one digit ,else two bits) Step4: Select the first group of bits and subtract 01 from it. If borrow is zero, result is positive and quotient is 1 else it is 0. Step5: Append 01(to be subtracted next two digits of dividend) and guessed square root to subtract from remainder of previous stage Step6: If result of subtraction is negative, write previous remainder as it is and quotient is considered as 0, else write the difference as remainder and quotient as 1. Step7: Repeat step 5 and step 6 until end group of two digits. Step8: End 1 0 0 1.1 0 1 0 01 01 11 01.00 00 00 00 00 01 00 01 take next two digits from dividend 1 01 Append 01 11 10 01 01 11 01 100 01 11 00 00 1001 01 001011 00 1001101 00101100 00 10011001 0000010111 00 100110101 001011100 Figure 2: The example of modified non restoring algorithm to solve square root Basic Building Block for Non restoring algorithm Inputs of the building block are x,y,b and u while d and b0(borrow) are outputs. If b0=0, then d b0=( ~ x .y)+(b.~x)+(by); d= (~x.y.~b.~u)+(~x.~y.b.~u)+(x~y.~b)+(x.u)+(x.y.b); csmblock.jpg Figure 3: RTL schematic of CSM block The generalization of simple implementation of non restoring digit by digit algorithm for unsigned 6 bit square root by array structure is shown in Fig.4. Each row of the circuit executes one iteration of non restoring digit by digit square algorithm, where it only uses subtract operation and appends 01. Figure 4: Pipelined structure of 6 bit unsigned square root number The design can be optimized by minimizing the logic expressions and can be implemented by modifying CSM block. The specialized entities A,B,C,D,E,F,G and H are derived from CSM block and are defined as follows: For csmA, ybu = 100 b0 = ~x d = ~x For csmB, yu = 00 b0 = ~x.b d = ~x.b + ~b.x For csmC, u = 0 b0 = ~x.y + ~x.b + y.b d = ~x.y.~b + ~x.~y.b + x.~y.~b + x.y.b For csmD, yb = 10 b0 = ~x d = ~x.~u + x.u For csmE, y = 0 b0 = ~x.b d = ~x.b.~u + ~b.x + x.u For csmF, xy = 00 b0 = b d = b.~u For csmG, xyb = 010 b0 = ~x d = ~u For csmH, xyu = 000 b0 = b Figure 5: Optimized Pipelined structure of 8 bit unsigned square root number Results and analysis The Non Restoring algorithm can be implemented with least hardware resources and the result will be the faster than restoring square rooting techniques. The source code is implemented in such a way that it can be extended according to users requirement to calculate complicated square root in FPGA. Figure 6: Simulation result of 8 bit square root using non restoring algorithm The DE1 kit has 4 seven segment displays only so the maximum number which can be displayed is 9999d and also it doesnt have a decimal point. Hence output obtained is less precise if one of the displays is considered as a decimal point. Table 1 shows the list of Logic Elements usage for 8 bit implementation. This indicates the size of the implemented circuit hardware resource. Table 1: Comparison of LEs usage in 8 bit implementation No Implementation of non restoring algorithm for 8 bit LEs 1 8 bit (with seven segment) 85 2 8 bit (without seven segment) 71 3 optimized 8 bit (with seven segment) 64 4 optimized 8 bit (without seven segment) 50 Table 2: PowerPlay Power Analyzer Status No PowerPlay Power Analyzer Status 8 bit with optimization (mW) 8 bit without optimization (mW) Low Medium Low 1 Total Thermal Power Dissipation 71.65 447.96 72.84 2 Core Dynamic Thermal Power Dissipation 0 190.47 0 3 Core Static Thermal Power Dissipation 47.36 48.06 47.36 4 I/O Thermal Power Dissipation 24.29 209.44 25.48 Conclusion: This implementation and analysis shows that proposed method is most efficient of hardware resource. This is reasonable, because it only uses subtract operation and append 01. The result shows that the proposed algorithm is easy to implement and also uses less resources. The result is extended for square root implementation of 8 bit floating point number and also it can be expanded to larger numbers to solve complicated square root problem in FPGA implementation.

Hitler And Stalin During the Period Leading up to World War II :: Papers

Hitler And Stalin During the Period Leading up to World War II Hitler And Stalin During the period leading up to World War II, there were two famous dictators who were on opposing sides, yet had similar records. These men were Adolph Hitler and Joseph Stalin. They were each triumphant in their rise to power in their countries and they were very comparable in the ways that they succeeded. Their success was mostly attributed to their new ideas and their politics. Although Hitler and Stalin hated each other, the two leaders were similar in many ways. Hitler and Stalin each rose to the highest position attainable in their respective countries, and there were three main reasons that they were able to do this. Both men were skilled users of propaganda, each was amoral, and they both had the ambition to make their countries powerful in the world. Since each was a skilled user of propaganda, they could use their words to twist and manipulate the minds of people into believing that what they were saying was the absolute truth. Using this power, they would get people to do anything for them, which proves their amorality. Since their countries were still trying to recover from World War I, they desired to restore the power back in to their countries. These three reasons will prove that Hitler and Stalin were similar in many ways. The names Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin are synonymous with the word propaganda. In order to understand how Hitler and Stalin used propaganda, an understanding of what the word means, is required. According to Merriam-Webster, "propaganda is the spreading of ideas to further or damage a cause; also the ideas or allegations spread for a purpose". Hitler and Stalin each used propaganda as their tool to further their ideas and help them gain the backing of the people in their countries. The form of propaganda that Hitler used, and was successful in using, was his words. Hitler made many speeches, but the one that greatly stood out from the others was his final speech at his

Leadership and Discrimination in Croft Foods Essay -- Business Managem

Leadership and Discrimination in Croft Foods From my understanding Croft Foods have certainly demonstrated clear leadership in rather abstract terms. They have tried to reduce their production costs to an absolute minimum whilst attempting to produce and market as many products as possible. Klaus made effective communications with the employees and established the need to purchase new machinery which may have allowed the factory to work more efficiently and generate more profit. Leadership here was demonstrated by upper management conversing, with the factory floor directly, and making relevant employees aware of future developments, for example the fact that â€Å"further machinery is due to be installed later this year†. By recognizing a need with-in the market to remain competitive, and also delivery through spent time with employees. â€Å"Effective purchasing management and professional buying works better when a good strategic framework exists. Commonly, relationships between suppliers and customers are driven by personalities, or the needs of the moment, whereas relationships and purchasing strategy should ideally be based on a combination of factors reflecting the nature of each purchasing area, including: risk, complexity, value, the market and basic matters of supply and demand† 1 This theory suggests there is a vast array of issues which need to addressed whilst purchasing. There was obviously a need to work more efficiently, create more gross income, and allow employees to work to their optimum. In addition to satisfying the above, employees also felt listened too. Also by remaining distanced at suitable times from the factory floor at times they have been able to concentrate and free up time for other issues that may arise such as possible redundancies. Although the basic concept of these decisions may have necessary; it has all the hall marks of a ‘knee jerk reaction’. The decision to install new machinery without additional training was inevitably going to cause a skills gap and evidently cause a low working morale to sink further. Advice from the machinery supplier could have been sought after to perhaps provide guidance on the new machinery and thus offer advice on employee training. This would have leaded to a more structured and organised approach to productivity as well as improve factory morale... ... and Limitations All employees can expect a fair performance related pay which works on the basis of company loyalty and productivity. Performance related pay will reflect the level of success or decline, which ever is relevant. Employees are expected to speak to the nominated 'team leader' regarding any problems which it would like to be addressed to management in connection with ideas. Management whom are responsible to Managerial Director; must remain diligent to the concerns and welfare of fellow employees never abusing their positions. Stakeholder shares in Croft foods will be awarded on performance and loyalty basis. Senior Management will have their company shares capped. Training Training for all employees will be mandatory. Review These policies will be reviewed on a regular basis in keeping with the interests of every employee at Croft Foods. Bibliography Management and Organizational Behaviour, Prentice Hall, Seventh Edition 2005 by Laurie J. Mullins2 www.businessballs.com/buyingtechniques.htm1 www.womenandequalqualityunit.gov.uk/legislation/equal_pay_act.htm3 www.bized.ac.uk/compfact/mcdonalds/mc15.htm4 www.mcdonalds.com5

The Vyacheslav Molotov Book Report Essay -- Essays Papers

The Vyacheslav Molotov Book Report For much of the time between 1930 and 1952, Vyacheslav Molotov, a laconic, unsmiling man called Mr Nyet behind his back by western diplomats, was second only to Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union. He played a decisiverole in the famine of 1932, during which millions of peasants died of starvation and disease. He was instrumental in liquidating the kulaks (the land-owning farmers). He was Stalin's faithful henchman during the Great Terror, in 1936-38, when both the Red Army command and the country's political leadership were decimated. His name is on the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact of 1939, which kept the Soviet Union out of the war until it was attacked by Hitler two years later. His final years as a power in the land encompassed some of the chilliest days of the cold war.Nikita Khrushchev, Molotov's rival, sent him out of harm's way, as ambassador to Outer Mongolia. In 1962 Molotov was expelled from the party but he was re-instated in 1984. Having served Lenin and Stalin, he died a pensioner in 1986, aged 96. Not a bad record for somebody whom a British historian, D.C. Watt, described as "one of the most inexorably stupid men to hold the foreign minister ship of any major power in this century." That judgment is inaccurate, as this book shows. Molotov was the supreme apparatchik. Stalin ordered him to divorce his wife. Molotov complied--only to be reunited with her after Stalin's death. Resilience guided by intuitive cunning ensured ...

Judging on Apperance

Justin Tipton What is the first thing we do when meeting a first. We judge! Judging someone based on their appearance is an inherent human instinct. Many times when people judge a person, people end up making wrong decisions. We create mental images in our minds that categories people based upon their appearance. When you see a man in a suit, tie, and a briefcase you figure is a lawyer, professor, or a businessman. In reality the guy that you see could have been out for a special event and could be no more than a car mechanic. We base our opinions on perceptions on people based upon what we can biologically see with our eyes.In her article how the eye works Ker Than explain how we use our eyes to visually see things. â€Å"Vision begin when lights rays are reflected off an object and enter the eyes through the cornea, The transparent outer covering of the eyes. The cornea refracts the rays that pass through a round hole, called the pupil. The Irish is the colored portion of the eye that surrounds the pupil, and then become larger or smaller to regulate the amount of light passing through. The rays then travel through the lenses to the retina at the back of the eye. The retina conducts light into electrical impulses.The optic nerve sends impulses to the brain where a visual image or perception is produced. † We use our eye to visually see people, and to make an array of judgment about that person based on what we see. While it’s true we can come times tell certain thing about people by looking at their external appearance, it is not the best of measurements. I believe people should not judge people by their external appearance, and should at least speak with a person before making a judgment. You can’t judge a person character base on appearance and that why many of us make unfair and bias assumption of others.People sometimes change their appearance to fit different situations. According to a Washington post article, Joshua bell one of the world greatest violinists set out to do an experiment to test people’s perception on appearance. By most, he was nondescript: a youngish white man in jeans, a long sleeved t-shirt and Washington National baseball cap. He positioned himself against a wall beside a trash basket, from a case; he moved his violin and began to play. It was a Friday and the middle of morning rush hour. The violinist played for nearly an hour, and performed six classical pieces.Nearly 1,100 people passed by, many of them on their way to work. No one knew it, but the fiddler standing against a bare wall outside was one of the finest classical musicians in the world, playing some of the most elegant music ever written on one of the most valuable violins ever made. In the hour that Joshua Bell played, seven people stooped what they were doing to hang around and take in the performance, at least for minute. Twenty-seven gave money, for a total of thirty-two dollars and seventeen cents. That means over 1 ,070 people passed on by, with few even turning to look.Three days before conducting this experiment on a street corner in Washington, Joshua bell filled the house at Boston’s stately symphony Hall, where the average seat went for one-hundred dollars. the appearance of a guy in plain clothes playing a violin at the street corner, made many people ignore his sound before ever even taking the time to listen. Many times people judge what they see, and ignore the beauty that right in front of their face. To begin with, someone external appearance is not mirror of one’s inner self. I can relate to from examples in my own life.Being a young African-American male, growing up near Memphis one of Americas most dangerous cities. I came from a poorer family, I been working full time since attending college. In the day time I was a college student, but at work I was a normal sweaty and dirty factory worker. When people saw me at work, they assumed I was uneducated and not very int elligent. In reality, I was a good academic student, has a good reputation among my fellow students and professors. My co-workers couldn’t see the college side of me, and many of my fellow students couldn’t see working in a factory which was known for harsh working conditions.Since leaving the factory, I know have a security job just outside of downtown Nashville. TRICOR is the name of the corporation is profits in the million, by utilizing inmates for production and paying their cheap labor wages. This cooperation is ran by your typical CEO, a short old white man, that dresses in suits and ties and owns many expenses vehicles. For many months while working there, he passed by me every day and never once he even acknowledging my presence. One day I was reading a book about written from a famous entrepreneur, and the boom caught the eye of the CEO.He walked up to me and asked why I reading a book like that, I told I was a college student that was a business major, and t hat it has beneficial information in this nook, and that I read many book from this author. He then brought to my attention that he has read the same book and he too was a fan of the author books. After conversation for a few minutes he then brought to my attention that he too grew up from a poor family, and that he also work at a factory and once at a security job while too attending college. I am a business management major and he too has a degree in business management .Ever since that day of our conversation he speak to me daily, and we hold brief but interesting conversation often. Prior to that conversation we had never spoken to another, once we looked past the external appearance, we realized we two men who shared many things in common. You may not realize it, but perception based on appearance happen all the time. Studies show that fifty-five percent of opinion of a person is based upon physical appearance, and that it takes around fifteen second for a person to realize if he or she like your or not, or want to do business with you.Do honestly we feel like we get accurate of someone inner self with over half of what we perceive come from appearance, and while only judging them for one-fourth of a minute? Many people believe that judging people on the appearance is beneficial and effective. Mangers often use appearance as a asset while evaluating a candidate for a job. You could have two good candidates with impressive resume, but choosing a candidate based on race, or which dressed too me is ineffective. In reality just because one candidate is dressed better, doesn’t make him any smarter or better qualified than the other.When it comes to judging a lover or friend, external appearance shouldn’t be a factor on your judgment about that person. Much time we see that a man or women date someone because she is beautiful and he is handsome. In high school and college you see on many occasions when someone hangs around a certain person because it will increase his/her popularity. In a poem I once read it state â€Å"we see best when we look for the less†. In just a few words, that poem speaks a lot, we see the best when look past the artificial obvious, and see the beauty that deep within a person.Beauty and the Beast just a fairy tale and a kid’s story but moral of this tale has such a deeper meaning. The story about a beautiful women falling in love with an ugly beast, passed artificial obvious and see the beauty that lied deep within him. Making a judgment on some based only external appearance is an unfair and accurate judgment of someone. It is not accurate to judge someone based on we biologically see wit our eyes. A appearance can adjust and change their appearance to fit many different situation where there true selves do not show, but a person cannot change his/her character.For these reason, it is important to get to know someone before making a judgment. â€Å"The best and most beautiful things in the world cannot be seen or touched†. â€Å"But must be felt by the heart†. The best and most beautiful things in people cannot be seen by the eyes. Judging someone on external appearance is an inherent and instinct that happen almost instantaneously. We as people have the ability to control our judgment, we have the ability to use our minds to see more within people than what we see with our eyes.Stero-typing is something we do without even noticing, but placing people into different categories based on external appearance limits our ability to meet new people. Sometimes the people that we expect knot to have anything in common with, could be a totally false assumption. If we allow ourselves to judge and meet people of different culture, many would be surprised to know they share many things in common with people they would have never suspected. As long as people allow ourselves to be blinded by external appearance then we will fully see the inner beauty within so m any people.

My Most Memorable Expeirence

My Most Memorable Experience My most memorable experience would have to be the first time I stepped into a dance studio. I recall walking into an old musty room I could smell the sweat from afar. The dance teacher was repeating words that would forever stay with me for years to come. Five, six, seven, eight! The teacher stood in the center of the room clapping her delicate hands to the rhythm of the drum. As I stood there I was transformed. I started to perspire with excitement.I could see the dancers their aces full of intensity stomping to the rhythm of the drum. I knew at that moment that I was soon going to be part of that group. My body began to prepare Itself for the intensity of my first class, that would forever be part of my life. Folkloric dance was soon to become part of my life. I quietly sat down and began to stretch my muscles to prepare for my class. I could see skirts of many vibrant colors twirling and spinning making beautiful designs in the air. I stepped into my f olkloric shoes. These shoes are especially made for this type of dance.They have nails on the tip of he shoe and on the heal, this enables the dancer to make sounds that are different from those used in tap shoes or flamenco shoes. These shoes are hard to find, they are usually ordered from cities like Quadrangular, or Mexico. I Joined the other dancers their faces full of passion and Intensity. They were already producing beautiful â€Å"cooperated†, Toe heal flat, toe, heal flat. I began to move my feet to rhythm of the beat. That I was soon going to be part of that group. My body began to prepare itself for the their faces full of passion and intensity. They were already producing beautiful

Education is not for sale! Essay

Let’s pretend you own a school. Let’s pretend the school you own is still functional, but   pretty old: wobbly chairs, uneven tables, equipment prone to breaking down. Prices are rising, so what will you do? Instead of taking care of the facilities with the students’ tuition (you still have enrolled students, believe it or not), let’s pretend you spend more time and money looking for new students who are willing to study in your dilapidated school.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We’re not pretending anymore: due to the financial crisis, California State University East Bay is spending more of the students’ money for recruitment of new students than the upgrading of our facilities. It has also decided to increase the tuition again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Something is wrong when we pay for something we won’t be able to use. And it is unfair to pay more for something we are not supposed to be paying for.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Not a few Californians are suffering from rising utility costs, such as housing and transportation. Increasing the cost of education is another burden being forced unto them. For the last seven years, tuition has increased six times. What is happening to the taxes our parents pay to the State? Isn’t that the whole point of taxes, that it provide the needs of its citizens, especially education?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Students of caliber are the school’s best advertisement. And recruiting more students will not result in higher quality students. In our current situation, the average CSUEB student takes six years to graduate, instead of the usual four. This is due to the increase in class sizes and reduction in courses students need to take. Countless studies have proven that more students in a classroom do not translate into better grades or understanding.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Therefore, the school should not increase its tuition. First, because the State should be responsible for the school’s upkeep. Second, recruiting more students will only result in the deteriorating quality of students. Education is not a business, so it should not be thought of in terms of returns of investment or profit. Education is a democratic right, and therefore it should not be profited from, but asserted and protected. Education is not for sale!

A detective story written by Conan Doyle Essay

Baskerville and his companions later on meet a friend, who tells the about a convicted murder called Seldon, escaping from prison and being loose upon the moor. Seldon is part of the atmosphere in Dartmoor. Seldon is described as being â€Å"fiendish† and having a heart full of â€Å"malignancy†, which links him to the Hound, a creature known to kill the Baskerville family. The hound is also loose in Dartmoor. The Hound and Seldon bring a menacing, and deadly atmosphere to Dartmoor. In the distance, clearly visible was a â€Å"mounted soldier† holding a â€Å"rifle†. The soldier is an example of the symbol used in the setting. Soldiers carrying rifles have connotations of dark, menace, and death. These descriptions together with the moor give a forbidding atmosphere, preparing readers for forthcoming, menacing events. Baskerville had travelled across Dartmoor, and now had an exterior view of Baskerville Hall. As he walked in he noticed the decaying gates made of granite. Granite has connotations of darkness, hard, and black, suggesting Baskerville has a dark decaying family. This is true, as he is the only Baskerville remaining. They later enter a tunnel, increasing the darkness of the atmosphere. â€Å"The house glimmered like a ghost†, suggests the supernatural, and death. This is symbolic for the death of those who lived in the house. The descriptive words â€Å"dark veil†, â€Å"dull light†, and â€Å"black granite† all indicate the darkness and gloominess of Baskerville Hall. This raises a sinister, forbidding, and menacing atmosphere. Baskerville adds to the frightening atmosphere by saying â€Å"its enough to scare off a man†. The walls of the rooms were made from age-blackened oak, which also suggests darkness, and adds to the menace of the atmosphere. Conan Doyle obviously intended the atmosphere of the book to be a menacing one, and he did an excellent job in my opinion. The excellent description of setting in his books is one of the reasons why his books are so popular.

Propose and Justify Research Method and Design Proposal

Propose and Justify Method and Design - Research Proposal Example 2. Available Research Methods There are two methods available to the researchers when it comes to developing an appropriate research design. As the design of the research work is the basic pillar of the reliability of results retrieved, it becomes of pivotal importance for researchers to carefully select a research design and methodology keeping in view the nature of the study. The two types of methodologies identified by the researcher are qualitative research and quantitative research. Qualitative research methods are primarily the personal interpretation of the researcher’s idea about the subject on which research work is carried out. The outcomes retrieved from qualitative researches vary mainly because each member of the sample has its own opinion and perceptions about different phenomena. The most popular characteristic of qualitative research work is that the data on which the results are tested is also descriptive and qualitative in nature. Qualitative research methods are appropriate for studies that aim at identifying prevailing trends, social practices or different phenomena. In this manner, qualitative research is more suitable for environmental studies. ... These research designs help researchers to test the reliability of the outcomes from primary research by applying statistical and mathematical formulas. The outcome of these calculations helps the researchers to monitor the reaction of sample members towards a number of questions, multiple choice questions, stimulators and case studies. The best aspect of the quantitative research method is that it allows researchers to adopt scientific approach to find the answers to research questions and validate or reject hypothesis. Another factor which makes quantitative research methods more reliable and accurate is that it depends upon the cause and effect to validate or reject the hypothesis, thus facilitating to conclude the research work efficiently. 3. Selected Research Method Considering the research problem, which is aimed to identify the impact of monetary and non-monetary motivators on employees’ motivation, the researcher has selected the quantitative research method and desig n. For this reason, the researcher has selected two companies, i.e. ABC Corporation and XYZ Associates. The reason behind selecting the quantitative research methodology is that it allows the researcher to manipulate the statistical data pertaining to employees’ perception of motivators into useful information and answer the research questions. This data contains employees’ responses to a survey questionnaire which represents employees’ degree of agreement and disagreement with particular statements. These statements measure the respondents’ idea about different motivators, and then help to rank the motivators from top to bottom, according the employees’ preference for each motivator. The research methodology adopted

Lesson 9 and 10 Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lesson 9 and 10 - Personal Statement Example The second article covers the NTIA and the US Copyright Office’s report on the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. The primary purpose of the DMCA is the updating of national laws for the digital age to assist vigorous progress of e-commerce, communication, research, development, and education in the internet age. Section 1201(g) on The Encryption Research Exception may be detrimental as it might result in a decrease in legitimate research and testing in the field of encryption research. A researcher just needs to make a good faith attempt to obtain authorization from the owner to undertake circumvention. 2.) The doctrine of fair use calls for a high level of ethical behavior from the publisher. It is up to the ethical standards of the publisher to decide, if the purpose of use is not to gain any commercial benefits. In order to take on an allowable act of encryption research, the law of good faith effort makes it lawful for a researcher to undertake circumvention activity just after he has made a good faith effort to obtain authorization from the owner. This calls for an ethical judgment on the part of the publisher. 3.) The Government should modify the existing regulation so as to give more control to copyright owners. The Government should encourage research in copyright protect technology, and education about ethics. No government intervention will lead to an unethical usage of content from somebody else for commercial purpose, and may limit future interest in creating something of own. However, the concept of policing people’s computer might hamper the privacy of the citizens. 4.) The use of fair use doctrine for publishing although legal, but may turn out to be unethical in certain cases. The terms of fair use are subjective, and the publisher may interpret them in any way he may like. Similarly the use of law of good faith effort, although being

Forms Of Business Organizations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Forms Of Business Organizations - Research Paper Example The disadvantages of corporations include the need to comply with more legal formalities like filing of annual returns, obligation to comply with more federal rules and regulations and the fact that it is expensive to form and operate compared with other business forms e.g. sole proprietorship and partnerships. Analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of corporations in light of the farming business of the four brothers, this form of business will not ensure be advisable as it will not meet the preferences of the owners. First, having a corporation will not give them the powers to determine the ownership and limit it to the members of the family. It will also not guarantee the adherence to the Christian beliefs and norms. Besides, having a C corporation will deny them the ability to determine the management of the business hence Xavier may not have the opportunity to offer his experience and skills. A C corporation demands that a board is constituted and the board will have the man date of monitoring the operation by formulating policies and determining who to manage the business. In conclusion, the form of business determines the manner in which the business will be operated and managed apart from determining the amount of taxes to be paid and other reporting requirements, It is therefore important that before a decision is made, the owners of the business should carefully analyze the merits and demerits of each business form in order to make decisions that will ensure their demands are met.

Inherent Risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Inherent Risk - Essay Example following paragraphs explains the importance of external auditors as well as internal auditors in the reducing or even eliminating the errors and frauds that stain the financial statements. The first step that the auditors do is to base their audit programs on the inherent risk of each item listed in the financial statements . This topic will further be explained in the following paragraphs(Courtney, Briggs,2004, p139). The company is owned by stockholders. Stockholders can invest their hard earned money in Qantas Airways Ltd. by just visiting the Australian stock exchange and paying for the number of shares of stocks pegged at the hours stock market share. Products. Qantas Airways Limited. is engaged in the transport of air passengers and cargo. The company provides international, domestic as well as internal or regional transport of air passengers and cargo In Australian airspace as well as outside Australia. The company also is engaged in other business activities aside from ferrying human beings from one corner of the world to another. The other financial activities include subsidiary investments in QantasLink and Jetstar. The company is also engaged in the business of inflight catering as well as holiday and travel activities. The above income statement shows that the expenses generated for the year ended June 2007 was 12,756. And, the expenses generated for the year ended June 2007 was 11,593.50 Plus, the expenses generated for the year ended June 2007 was 10,757.70. The inherent risk of this accounting item is that one or more of the accounting staff could recorded an expense in the journalisation stage of the accounting process when there is no right for such recording to occur. Generally accepted accounting principles and international accounting standards states that expenses should be recorded only if the corresponding use of an asset has also occurred. In addition, the accountant could have recorded an expense such as salary expense giving the

Costa Coffee Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Costa Coffee - Case Study Example The efficient and effective branding of its mobile coffee shops can promote Costa Coffee's popularity amongst its target consumer group, St. Andrews' students, faculty and staff. Branding is the concept through which an organization creates and maintains a unique identity. According to Williams (2004) branding differentiates a product or service. It begins with an organization's mission and core beliefs (Williams 2004). The goal of differentiating is to make an organization immediately recognizable to its publics by "consistently and repeatedly providing an ideal combination of attributes - both tangible and intangible, practical and symbolic, visible and invisible" (Knapferer 1994). While the usual drive behind branding is generating revenue from sales or increasing brand loyalty for repeat purchase, branding can also be used to effectively increase knowledge of an organization and what it does. When it comes to branding an organisation, especially one offering a new service such as mobile coffee services, branding can establish connections among stakeholders associated with the organisation (Arozian 2003). Branding can also serve to support processes for communications initiatives in reaching those stakeholders (Arozian 2003). Branding of Costa Coffee's mobile shops can generate support for this novelty in, but it is a long-term process. Branding is not something that is accomplished overnight, but rather something that grows out of consistent presentation of the unique selling point. Over time this unique selling point, in this case bringing brand coffee to consumers, becomes tied to the brand name and logo so that consumers associate value with an organisation. The overall result of branding is that the consumer perceives that the branded product is more valuable than identical non-branded items because "the brand is present even when it cannot be seen" (Knapferer 1994). As Costa Coffee's mobile shop brand identity grows, Costa Coffee's perceived value will likely increase in the mind of the consumer. This pull generated by a brand is called brand equity. Brand equity could be considered one of the most important concepts in marketing because the generation of brand equity is the goal at the core of many marketing activities. According to the text, Advertising Excellence, brand equity combines "five elements: brand loyalty, brand awareness, perceived quality, associations other than quality (such as style, excitement, or healthiness), and proprietary assets" such as trademarks (Bovee et al. 1995). Through the deployment of the branding tool, Costa Coffee can generate brand equity for its mobile coffee shops and, in so doing, benefit from all of the five components of brand equity listed. As it has been argued in the above paragraphs, the branding tool can significantly contribute to the success of Costa Coffee's mobile coffee shops. Costa Coffee is, in itself, a recognisable coffee brand which is popular within St. Andrews. Through the extension of its services to consumers, wherever they are, Costa Coffee will ensure that selection of its coffee brand becomes the more logical and convenient choice. Added to that, its visibility will increase, as will its popularity and visibility among its targeted consumer base. This is precisely the reason why the group considers this tool critically important to the success of the project. This tool, which was introduced through class lectures and