Gender differences Essay

It could be said that to some extent the view that processes within schools may lead to gender differences in educational achievement is true. The theory of Interactionist looks at the individual rather than society; therefore it is a bottom up theory. Interactionist argue that the processes within the schools such as the hidden curriculum may lead students in gender differences in educational achievement, as what happens inside the school which is unwritten is what influences the individual in educational achievement, not the formal curriculum or what is written rule such as the subjects which is being studied influences the student to achieve. The sociologist Goffman explains that everyone in society is â€Å"presenting the self in everyday life†. What he means is that everyone is a puppet of society and not in control of what they say or do, but in fact they are attached in strings and act for example in play, such as a female may play the role of a mother at home but play the role of a student at school. Some argue that the structure and settings of schools, generally creates gender differences in educational achievement, for example the socialisation aspect is that the students are socialised into tolerable forms of behaviour ‘pupils are given drill in how to move about the school, sit in desk, raise hands†¦ the puritan of hard work, sober living and good manners is continuously urged upon them. ‘ This socialisation naturally created gender differences as males are seen or expected to behave in classrooms in the manner of ‘masculine’ while females are seen or expected to behave in ‘feminine’ behaviour or otherwise it could be considered odd, and therefore the students who do behave odd are looked at differently or called ‘deviant’. The sociologist Postman and Weingartner, studied that the hidden curriculum consisted of discovering that; knowledge is beyond the power of students and is in case none of their business; secondly recall is the highest form of intellectual achievement and therefore the collection of ‘facts’ is the goal of education; the voice of authority is to be trusted more than independent judgement; feelings are irrelevant in education; passive acceptance is a more desirable response to ideas than active criticism. This study proves that the individual does not play in an important role but rather how to ‘survive’ the school and just pass the exams was important and therefore not keen on which gender is learning or how but on how they should just ‘pass the time’ in school and move on as education is not about the self but on facts and memorising, and not understanding. As a result it could be said that the study of classroom interaction is the idea that the ‘reality’ of the classroom is a negotiated reality. For students and teachers, the hidden curriculum consists of learning how to survive in the classroom.

Philip Morris Essay

1.How would you describe Marlboro’s competitive position in early 1993? Marlboro, the leading cigarette brand for Philip Morris, was the dominant player in the premium priced market. While RJR was the second largest player in the market, RJR’s cigarette brands were fragmented. At the end of 1992, Marlboro had 24.4% unit market share, while each of the RJR brand cigarettes had less than 7% market share. Philip Morris, at 53% operating contribution margin, was significantly more profitable than RJR, at 34% operating contribution margin. Marlboro was essentially backed by the biggest, most profitable player – Philip Morris. Philip Morris was also the consistent market share leader, at least since 1988, over RJR and other much smaller companies. The industry had sustained profitability over time. There we can conclude that there are significant barriers to entry in the cigarette market. Additionally, the need for a strong distribution network with retailers and wholesalers added to the barriers to entry into the market. Threat Discussed on more detail later, Marlboro was facing stuff competition in the 90s from discount brands, particularly RJR brands. While Marlboro, a premium brand, suffered a steadily declining market share since 1989, discount brands were quickly gaining market share. 2.What is Marlboro’s marketing strategy at this time? Marlboro positioned itself as a premium brand cigarette. While it played in the discount segment as well, it was second to RJR brands in the discount segment. Marlboro spent a significant amount of money in advertising and promotions to command its premium pricing. Marlboro became synonymous with Iconic imagery such as the â€Å"Marlboro man† and wild western country images. This led to Marlboro’s strong hold amongst young men. Marlboro outspent its competitors in advertising – spending $3.5 million per percent market share in 1992, compared to $2.1 million spend per percent market share by RJR. (RJR was focused on the discount segment by 1992) Marlboro also used its market power to engage in â€Å"Trade loading†, essentially forcing retailers to forward buy and to stock up on Marlboros just before a price increase. This probably encouraged retailers to allocate more shelf space to Marlboro to get their inventories moving from their warehouses. 3.How does this compare to R.J. Reynolds? RJR focused on its discount brand. RJR had built it self to the discount segment market share leader with 33% discount segment share by 1992. RJR carried about 200 brands under its umbrella. While they had national brands, they also created individual brands for each retailer, resulting in a string distribution system. This was probably well received by the retailers since a cigarette was one of the most profitable products sold in stores. RJR not only cut price to increase discount market share, but also invested in price promotions. Their growth in the 90s had come by taking market share from premium brands during a recessionary period. 4.What accounts for Philip Morris’ dramatic shift in strategy in April 1993? What are its goals? 6. What kind of industry future does Philip Morris anticipate? Market shift (Consumer behavior and regulation) The 1990’s was a recessionary period in the US. While cigarette smokers were believed to be loyal to their brands (and are generally very sticky consumers), there was a marked shift in the emergence of discount brands. In a span of 11 years (1981- 1992), the market share for discount brands in the US went from 0 to 30%. Meanwhile, Marlboro was steadily loosing market share, loosing 2 market share percentage points from 1989 to 1992. Additionally, the regulatory climate was putting an upward pressure on price. While government taxes were on the rise, restrictions on advertising of cigarettes were emerging, both of which made selling cigarettes more expensive. It can be argued that with the rising awareness amongst consumer on the hazards of smoking this upward pressure on price from a regulatory perspective would persist in the medium term. RJR Phillp Morris was also presumably worried about the aggressive price cuts and promotions by RJR to increase its market share. Goals of Philip Morris Strategy Philip Morris needed a aggressive competitive response to tacklethe threats of: declining market share, increasing share of discount brands, regulation, and RJR’s promotions and price cuts. They decided to aggressively attack the existing discount brands and make the Philip Morris brand significantly more price competitive. Philip Morris effectively cut price by 20%, creating 2 tiers of cigarette pricing (from 3 tiers before). Their premium products were now significantly more competitive, compared with the discount brands due to their reduced price and existing strong brand image. Philip Morris were betting that a large portion of consumers would compare their premium product as price competitive with the discount brands, and would chose Marlboro due to its superior brand image and comparable prices. They essentially wanted to win the pricing game and lead with their brand. Surprisingly, they slightly increased the price of their discount brand by a mere 6 cents. This was probably to restrict the range in which the pricing war could be played by other players. Industry Outlook for Philip Morris Surely with the consumer behavior shift and the increasingly hostile regulatory climate described above, Philip Morris views the industry margins becoming thinner and realizes it will get progressively harder to get new consumers. Therefore attracting heavy smokers becomes key for growth and long term profitability. Additionally, Marlboro views the market as price sensitive, especially for heavy smokers. Attracting and retaining this segment is not only a branding game but also a pricing game as well since there is a high frequency of repeat purchases. 5.How should R.J. Reynolds respond? In my opinion, RJR needs to â€Å"make good† (option 3 below) with Philip Morris. The three options for RJR are: Fight with a further price cut or increase in advertising: not only will this option further erode industry margins, but also RJR will probably get crushed in a price/advertising war against the much larger and more efficient Philip Morris. Do nothing: and risk loss of its discount market share dominance to Philip Morris. Price increase (â€Å"make good†): Philip Morris is clearly signaling that it will play aggressively in the discount segment, and in the war for consumers moving or likely to move to the discount segment. With a slight price increase, RJR can signal to Philip Morris that it does not want to engage in a further price war, and it will maintain industry profitability. Such collaborative behavior is probably best for both players in the industry. Additionally, since RJR has a strong distribution with personalized brands for retail outlets, it should focus on building its capability in such brands. The localized brands are arguably a slightly different turf than only fighting the game as big national brands (where Marlboro is very strong with its dominant brand imagery), and local retail branding is RJRs stronghold.

Management class assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Management class - Assignment Example They maximize their efficiency and quality by assessing their position in the value network. Since the value chain structure of such universities is purely online learning, they generate their revenue by focusing on the market segment. A strategy is a plan or technique aimed at achieving predetermined results. Strategies are aimed at finding solutions to current and future problems. On the other hand, strategic planning involves the techniques employed by an organization to ensure that its strategies succeed. A Strategic plan is a carefully written blue print about how an organization plans to increase efficiency and productivity in future. The efficacy of a strategic plan can determine the level of success of an organization. Therefore, organizations ought to draft ‘SMART’ objectives that tally with their missions, values system, and visions. A strategic plan projects into the future of accompany for a period of between five to ten years. Strategic planning enables a company or organization to predict its future by working towards certain objectives thereby eliminating any element of deviating from the organization goals. Balanced scorecard will help the shoe company to implement strategies that will bring financial rewards to the shoe company. Focusing on the company’s vision and strategy will have positive impact on its financial performance by improving its internal efficiency and customer satisfaction. In essence, a balanced score card outlines the factors and processes that matter most as far as the performance of the organization is concerned. Fives forces are the forces within the market that will affect the competitiveness of the athletic footwear industry. The power of buyers/customers plays an important role in determining the quality, type, and price of the shoes by the company. It is so because buyers can opt to choose one brand instead of the other or one company over

Money and happiness Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Money and happiness - Research Paper Example Also, it has been observed that with an increase in the wealth of a state, the individual happiness hasn’t increased to the same extent. Thus, it may be concluded that happiness increases with the increase in wealth but not at the same rate. To further analyze the argument, the works of Kesebir, Easterlin and Lane will be studied so that logical conclusion can be deduced. Kesebir (6) explores the rationale and logic behind happiness; that is how to find true happiness and what truly comprises of the notion of happiness. He is of the view that the idea of happiness has evolved over the years where it was equated with luck during the Homeric era, transformed to pleasure during the enlightenment era and can be equated with an act as little as owning a warm puppy in the contemporary era. However, the idea of happiness in its essence may not be as simple as that. In this context, over time contrasting views have been presented to explain what may constitute a happy life. Democritus argued that happiness is more of one`s state of mind, while Socrates and Plato disagree with this presumption and rather ought to give an objective meanings to happiness, i.e. virtue and goodness of life. On the other hand, the hellinistic view disregards virtue as a yardstick of happiness. In the enlightenment era, when a more secular shape was regarded to the concept of happi ness, ideas like maximum utility and pleasure principal began over-shadowing the explanation to what may be called a happy life. Though the philosophers in the field agree on the difficulty associated with the idea of understanding the true definition of happiness, they have come up with a few parameters which may help in explaining the concept. Kesebir (8) regards that these parameters include life satisfaction, satisfaction with significant domains of life, positive effect and lower levels of negative effect.

Db5 diversity in the workplace Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Db5 diversity in the workplace - Research Paper Example It is also mean to increase the number of women in the employment sector. In my opinion, I believe affirmative action had fair intensions. This is because the programs were designed so as to provide individuals who are qualified with a fair and equal access to recruitment and opportunities. This is because the polices states that the people responsible in hiring and recruiting people should give fair and equal chances of evaluation regardless of the candidates gender, race or ethnic background. This makes sure that all people get opportunities equally (Tucker, 2000). It also increases social and economic diversity in the American educational system and workplace. Currently, the affirmative action has created a stronger educational and workplace diversity. This is because students of all races have been equally admitted into academic institutions. It has also made sure that women have increased in number in jobs that predominantly were occupied by males (Sadler, 1996). The program has ensured a rich diversity in colleges. There have been greater gains in the enrollment and graduations for women and people of colored skin at higher education institutions. Generally, I believe the affirmative action has had positive effects to the

Radisson hotels and resorts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Radisson hotels and resorts - Essay Example Accounting plays a very crucial and essential role in every trade, business and institution. A lot of people is under the assumption that accounting is similar to book-keeping, but in actual sense, book-keeping is just a subset of accounting. So, what is accountingAccounting is a system that provides quantitative information about finances. ("The Free Dictionary" by Farlex). Accounting covers a wide range of tasks from updating and maintaining of accounting records; recording of business transactions; accounts balancing and reconciliation; accounts reporting amongst others. An accounting system is in short, an information system that facilitates the process of accounting: bookkeeping (recording), classification, reporting and interpretation of business transactions.In the conventional form of accounting (manual accounting), multiple books are being kept for different tasks/different accounts and this resulted in data duplication. As with data duplication: increased data means increas ed possibilities of errors; updates to data has to be ensured that all the matching records are updated- otherwise it will result in data being out of synchronisation. Manual accounting is a very labour intensive and time consuming process.However, the modern day technology has brought about various accounting systems that optimise the accounting process, resulting in greater efficiency and increased effectiveness. The automated accounting systems also promote a higher level of accuracy and tighter security. This paper is written based on the implementation of SAGE ACCPAC accounting system by the Radisson Hotels and Resorts. Brief Overview: Radisson Hotels and Resorts (Carlson Hospitality Worldwide) Radisson Hotels and Resorts operates, manages and franchises over 430 hotels and resorts, in 59 countries. It is part of Carlson Hospitality Worldwide whose parent is Carlson Companies, Inc., one of the largest privately owned corporations in the United States. As their hotels and resorts were using a wide variety of accounting systems, it resulted in reduced efficiency and higher operational cost. It was also more time consuming and staff intensive to consolidate the financial data from the different systems. These prompted Radisson to sought for a better solution to integrate their financial systems. (ACCPAC International Inc, 2002) SAGE ACCPAC ERP (formerly known as ACCPAC Advantage Series ) Sage ACCPAC ERP is a sophisticated, robust accounting and operations system. Radisson opted to implement the Sage ACCPAC with ACCPAC online. The ACCPAC Online provides the same power and flexibility as SAGE ACCPAC, and has an additional benefit: complete accessibility to the accounting system through a standard web browser. Because Sage ACCPAC ERP is very robust, its capability can be extended to be more than just an accounting system. Sage ACCPAC has built their software solution in a modular design, which means, customers can 'mix and match' the modules to fit to their needs. Radisson's customised solution is a combination of the following Sage ACCPAC modules: General Ledger Accounts Payable Accounts Receivable Inventory Control Module Purchase Orders Module Payroll Module General Ledger Module The General Ledger module is the main module (foundation) of any accounting system, and therefore, understanding the capability of this module is the most important. This ACCPAC General Ledger module fully integrates with the other ACCPAC advantage Series modules. It offers a flexible account structure, and budgeting capabilities. It is also used to generate financial reports, and provides the ability to drill down to originating transaction in other modules such as Accounts Receivable and Accounts Payable. Accounts Payable Module The Accounts Payable module provides a set of accounting and reporting features to manage the detailed information such as vendor record, transaction processing, flexible cash disbursement and full check reconciliation. The database is designed in a way where user can access

Philosophical reasoning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Philosophical reasoning - Essay Example Initially in "The Second Sex", Beauvoir questions first if there even is a problem with feminism. Then she goes on to ask, "Does 'woman' exist" Once she has proved and asserted that "woman" does indeed exist as an entity, Beauvoir goes on to question how "woman" is defined. While defining "woman", she opens herself up to the discovery that "man" and "woman" exist as opposites and therefore, further investigation into why this oppositeness exists is in question. Likewise in "Who Stole Feminism", Sommers begins with observations on current western culture with, what she calls, a "new" feminist movement alive and growing. After her initial observations, she begins her systematic method of philosophy with the question, "Do women need to be saved by anything" After the introduction of this question, Sommers continues with the approach by offering various views of other philosophers who have reasoned their case regarding feminism. Beauvoir does the same as she looks to the three major topics (biology, psychology, and history) that have previously been raised with the topic of feminism.

Why did the United States fail to sign the Treaty of Versailles Research Paper

Why did the United States fail to sign the Treaty of Versailles - Research Paper Example In fact, he worked a lot for that to happen but the end result did not turn out as he had wished. The United States did not sign the treaty because Wilson did not have the vote of all the Senate members. Wilson required constitutionally mandated two-thirds vote for ratification which he did not get. Henry Cabot Lodge and Alfred Beveridge were highly against the treaty. Lodge was a Republican and the Senate majority leader and Chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee, thus holding a lot of power and responsibility. The failure of the United States to ratify the Treaty of Versailles and, eventually, join the League of Nations is a story of conflict. However, no matter where the focus is on – personalities, political parties and branches of government, or ideas and institutions, Wilson certainly did lie at the crux. It was his overweening confidence in the view that he held of the world that he dealt with which formed the basis of the defeat of the very tool that he had devise d in order to secure the world of future wars. Clemenceau once said bitterly: â€Å"Talk with Wilson! How can I talk to a fellow who thinks himself the first man in two thousand years to know anything about peace on earth?† and â€Å"I get on with you. You are practical.... Wilson was a visionary reared with a strong moral background. While others wanted to punish Germany, Wilson wished to get rid of the old system and come up with a new world order which would not treat Germany like a defeated enemy; instead he wanted to her to be like others, a partner of the new system he had envisioned. On the other hand, Clemenceau did not wish to end the old system but rather to make it stronger to build peace, and this meant that the conquerors would divide the spoils to come up with a reimbursement as satisfactory as possible to their respective nation’s requirements. History has paid substantial attention on the personal enmity that existed between Wilson and Lodge, and, from the consequences that we have seen it is clear that there was, in fact, a lot of political animosity between them4. It should also be considered, however, that they had opposite views regarding the issues of the day and thus their political behavior showed varied opinions. From the way Lodge was repudiating the President it seemed that it was his behavior rather than genuine ideological opposition. Instead of coming up with actual and meaningful debate that would list the reasons why the treaty should not be signed, Lodge kept delaying action by reading – word-for-word – the language of the Treaty5 6. Therefore, what it resulted in was just endless criticism that took about six weeks of public hearing. For the Senate Foreign Relation Committee he chose those senators whom he thought would go against the treaty. After the committee had reported the Treaty to the full Senate they did so after burdening it with corrections which Lodge had said were necessary to adopt and

Learning, Managing and Developing People, Leadership Theories Assignment

Learning, Managing and Developing People, Leadership Theories - Assignment Example Style leadership theories focus on how leaders behave. Two dimensions of leadership include consideration (employee centered) and initiating structure (production centered). A balance of both dimensions is the most appropriate. Leadership should have regard for the characteristics of the leader, organization and workgroup. Steven’s leadership is production centered. He is not concerned with the needs of the employees but only focuses on getting the task done. He is not willing to power share and makes decisions and announces them. He barks orders at the employees and expects them to achieve unreachable targets and reprimands them for not doing things fast enough. On the other hand, Robert involves his team members in making decisions and allocates specific tasks to each individual. He is concerned about the needs of the employees and consults them in decision making. Situational and contingency leadership theories suggest that the most effective leadership style changes depending on the situation. This approach is based on leadership dimensions of the directive and supportive behaviors. Directive behaviors assist the team members to achieve their goals by focusing on the tasks that need to be accomplished and how they should be done. Supportive behaviors assist the members of the team to be comfortable with the situation, themselves and their colleagues. These two behaviors can either be supporting, directing, coaching or delegating. Transformational leadership involves a leader that is visionary, inspiring and one who leads by example. This leadership focuses on the moral and ethical values of the followers. Transactional leadership is based on legitimate authority and focuses on the self-interest of the followers. To ensure the success of Smith’s Bothy and Hotel, the leaders should adopt the situational and contingency theory of leadership. The leadership style should change depending on the  situation.  

Evaluation of Anger Management Group Research Paper

Evaluation of Anger Management Group - Research Paper Example The dependent variables that the study will use as a measure of finding out the effectiveness of the group management efforts in the evaluation will include three independent variables gender, age, and level of education and the dependent variables will be the training sessions attended by the survey participants. Each variable will be measured using nominal for gender, scale for age, ordinal for the level of education, and scale for training sessions to provide a basis for the relation of independent variables to the dependent variable and allow for the formation of a conclusion on the effectiveness of the intervention on management of anger. The study will make use of Violent Intentions-Teen Conflict Survey (Pre/post Test and L3) for the collection of data on the anger management groups from the respondents that will allow the generation of a conclusion on the effectiveness of the group in meeting its goals of managing anger (Dahlberg, et al., 2005). The researcher will provide the survey to the respondents and a copied returned during the session. The survey used by other studies in the past to measure intentions to use nonviolent strategies to control anger and conflict. Pre/Posttest measure strengths include allowing for the versatility of the collection of information, it is simply allowing for simple analysis of the data, providing a basis for comparison, and allows for flexibility in the use of control groups depending on the needs of the research. The main weakness of the measure is that the clients would remember their answer if there is no duration between the pre/posttest. Another weakness of pre/posttest is th e possibility of affecting the results resulting in a negative impact on the external validity of the research.

Understand the role of the Social Care Worker Essay Example for Free

Understand the role of the Social Care Worker Essay Ai: Three differences between a working relationship and a personal relationship are: A working relationship is a relationship that remains professional within the workplace where as a personal relationship you may spend time with someone out of work hours. A personal relationship is a relationship in which information sharing is unlimited yet a working relationship information sharing is on a need to know basis with colleagues, residents and other professionals. A personal relationship is one of choice with someone you like and share common interests where as a working relationship may be with someone you may not usually be friends with but have to form a team with that person and work under certain rules. Aii: One example of a working relationship in an adult social care setting is the relationship between carer and resident. This relationship is important as you need to maintain a professional duty of care. Another example would be between the senior in charge and the G.P. When a G.P comes to see a resident that is poorly they are relying on the carers and the senior in charge to inform them of any changes in that resident so they need to be professional at all times. Aiii: It is important that social care workers work in partnership with individuals using the service and their families because we all have a common interest in doing whats best for the individual and keeping them from harm. The service user is there because they may not have someone that can look after them the way they need therefore involving families and help to improve the way you care for them. For example, you might think that â€Å"Doris† may like going to bed at 10pm every night but is always very tired during the day after getting up at 7am. The family can tell you that in fact â€Å"Doris† used to go to bed at 9pm and likes getting up at 8am when she was at home. It is  essential to establish and maintain a good working relationship with family as they can also help to overcome any communication issues you may have with that service user and also find out their preferences for food choices. It’s all about person centered care. The resident is less open to abuse as there are clear boundaries and expectations of the social care workers relationship. Aiv: Three ways of working that can help improve partnership working are: Involve the resident in all decision making regarding their care plans for example what time they like to go bed, whether they prefer a bath or shower and if they like to go out on planned outings Give them a choice at meal times and what they would like to wear that day Try to promote their independence by giving them as much do to by themselves as possible for them without allowing them to struggle and that someone is there if they need a hand. Av: When people with different views, skills and expertise work together there may be disagreements about the best way forward. Here is five different skills or approaches that may help resolve conflict. 1.By listening to each side may help you and others see that your way may or not be the best way 2.By compromising you can figure out the best outcome by thinking about all possible solutions 3.Stay calm. If you start to lose your temper than the problem isnt going to get resolved 4.Communication is key. By talking it through you all may come up with a suitable solution as a team 5.By using a person centered approach everyone has the residents best interests at heart. Avi: Two ways in which you could obtain support and advice about working in partnership and resolving conflicts are by talking to colleagues and senior members of staff. They may have more experience and knowledge when dealing with conflicts or partnership working. The manager can help you by offering a professional solution to conflicts and follow the complaints procedure. If necessary the manager will enable you to access conflict management training or any other training that may be relevant. Task B Bi: Agreed ways of working means: That you should keep up to date with legislation Follow policies and procedures Work within your job description Work within your code of conduct Work in line with care standards Bii: Its important to have up to date details regarding the agreed ways of working because if a piece of legislation changes, as they do quite regularly, you need to know what is expected of you. When I was pregnant in order to keep myself, my colleagues and the residents safe my job description changed slightly and my new agreed ways of working were updated regularly. These changed back when I returned to work after having the baby. Biii: Where I am not trained in giving medication if I was to carry out this task I would be liable if something was to go wrong. I do not carry out tasks that are not within my job description and that i have not been trained in as these are not within my agreed ways of working. Its important to follow these guidelines so that I do not cause harm to myself, my colleagues or the residents.

Energy Resource Challenges Essay Example for Free

Energy Resource Challenges Essay Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources, such as sunlight, wind, and biomass fermentation. These alternative energies do not harm the environment or wear out natural resources. In fact, these exploitable energies are derived from sources that have the capacity to replenish themselves, thus depicting them as infinite energy. Renewable energy is also identified as clean or green energy because it does not generate pollutants or toxins that are dangerous to the environment. The major obstacle to wind energy use and management is the present insufficiency of transmission systems that distribute electricity from the best resource sites in isolated areas to where it will be used in metropolitan areas. For solar energy, attempting to seize sun rays over a wide area can be very difficult. In addition, the energy in any given place will vary because of weather and cloud conditions. For biomass fermentation, the foremost challenge occurs when a minute level of greenhouse gases are produced through the process of generating the energy. Moreover, extensive crop production will require vast areas of water and land, indicating significant problems. Another renewable energy is the hydro power energy, which is produced by using of electric generators that extract energy from water current (AEoogle). Streams and rivers are conveyed through hydro generators to produce energy, even though there are unfavorable consequences in so far as the environment is concerned. Nonrenewable energy, in contrast, is energy generated through burning of fossil fuels, such as oil, coal and natural gas. Nonrenewable energy resources cause pollution through the emissions of greenhouse gases. Nonrenewable energy will eventually run out if they are continuously used, given that there are only limited resources of fossil fuels on the planet. In addition, nuclear fuels cause waste materials that are dangerous to human and to the environment. Reference AEoogle. (n. d. ). Hydro Power. Retrieved February 20, 2009, from http://www. alternative-energy-news. info/technology/hydro/

Victims of Bullying

Victims of Bullying Victims of Bullying Schools offer more than educational opportunities; they offer many opportunities for social interaction for youth. These social opportunities also offer many opportunities for children to become victims of bullying. In the last ten years, there has been a dramatic rise of research on bullying in the United States. This research has been spurred by continued extreme school violence where the perpetrators of the violence had been victims of bullying. Bullying encompasses a range of various aggressive behaviors, which are targeted at an identified victim (Espalage, 2002). It is differentiated from fighting because it involves an imbalance in strength such that the individual targeted has difficulty defending him or herself. Bullying has been a common obstacle of childhood for many generations (Olweus, 1995). Many people believe that bullying is a natural part of growing up that does not cause serious harm but help to toughen children up (Pianta Walsh, 1995). On the other hand, extensive research in this area has identified consequences for the victims of bulling (Olweus, 1995). There have been many high profile cases of victims of bullying who have retaliated by horrific school shootings (Kumpulamen, Rasanen, Puura, 2001). A number of recent studies have investigated the immediate and short-term effects of peer victimization (Espelage, 2002; Espelage Swearer, 2003; Nansel, Overpeck, Pilla, Ruan, Simons-Morton, Scheidt, 2001). Rejection from a peer group has been linked to adverse psychological and physical consequences (Kumpulamen et al., 2001). Victims have been noted to be at risk for increased levels of depression, anxiety, and psychosomatic symptoms (Nansel et al., 2001). School avoidance and feelings of isolation are common among victims. Furthermore, it has been reported that these victims of bullying are developing post-traumatic stress disorder (Kumpulamen et al., 2001). This reveals the detrimental impact that peer rejection may have on youth and the importance of more research on the long-term impact bullying has on victims. The media has portrayed â€Å"bullies† and â€Å"nerds or geeks† in numerous films, thus bringing awareness of childhood social hierarchies and the desire to be accepted as part of a group. The â€Å"nerds† are social outcast who are commonly victimized by their peers and often blamed for not being tough enough. Recent research and pop culture movies like â€Å"Mean Girls† have brought more attention to girls and their bullying behaviors. There is limited research on the prevalence and effects bullying has on girls (Brinson, 2005). Many bullies experience mental health difficulties. One study found that one-third of bullies have attention-deficit disorder, 12.5% were suffering from depression, and 12.5% had oppositional-conduct disorder (Kumpulamen et al., 2001). Bullies then in turn take out their frustrations on someone the see as weaker than them. These bullies are also seeking to impress their peers. The rejection felt by the victim can have a direct impact on their lives. Several authors suggest that youth who are continually victimized may be at risk for poorer psychological functioning as adults (Espelage, 2002; Nansel et al., 2001). There has not been much research in this particular area. Little is known about how these victims function as adults. Research suggest that adolescents do not simply grow out of emotional problems with age, which implies that youth who have poor social skills may continue to experience difficulty in their area of maintaining relationships as adults (Nansel et al., 2001). Espelage (2002) found that many victims of bullying continue to think about their experiences of being bullied and recall painful memories well into adulthood. Depression and suicidal ideation have been found to be common outcomes of being bullied for both boys and girls. Bullies themselves have been prone to depression (Espelage, 2002). Bullying behaviors has similarly been found to transfer from the classroom to the streets, male bullies having been found to be seventeen times more likely to be frequently violent outside of the classroom and female bullies over one hundred times more likely to be frequently violent on the streets (Brinson, 2005). Longitudinal research has found that bullying and aggressive behavior were identified as being characteristics of those students who later became involved in criminal behavior (Nansel et al., 2001). Statement of Problem There have been limited mixed-methods studies on the phenomenon of bullying (Espelage Swearer, 2003). There has been no research that has attempted to explore the long term effects of bullying on individuals who have experienced it. This study will use a mixed-methods approach to explore both the long term effects of bullying on individuals that were bullied in their youth. Statement of Purpose The purpose of this concurrent, mixed methods study is to explore and generate themes about the long term effects bullying, that occurred in childhood, has on men and women. The quantitative research questions will address the prevalence of bullying between male and female participants that they encountered at school when they were in their teens. Qualitative open-ended questions will be used to probe significant resilience factors by exploring aspects of the bullying experiences and how they impacted the person’s adult life. Theoretical Framework Several theories have sought to explain the existence of bullying behavior. Some developmental theorists perceive bullying as a child’s attempt to establish social dominance over other children. This dominance is established through developmentally appropriate actions; in the early years, when children lack complex social skills, they bully using physical means. As these overt acts are punished by disciplinarians, and as children develop a larger repertoire of verbal language, bullying becomes more verbal in nature. Finally, when children gain the skills to understand and participate in intricate social relationships, they begin to use these relationships as a more covert type of bullying in order to establish power and social dominance (Smith, 2001). Resilience theory is defines as a person’s ability to cope or adapt to stressful situations. In different environments, resilience can have different meanings. In a high crime neighborhood, resilience could mean just surviving unscathed from the violence. This is having the ability to overcome a challenging set of circumstances with success. Studies in resilience theory demonstrate that resilient individuals are those who grow and develop as a result of trauma. Rather than being stunted by life difficulties, they recover from the traumatic events with an increased sense of empathy, enhanced coping skills. (Pianta Walsh, 1998). Peer rejection theory provides an important context for socialization that fosters social skills that children learn and use through out their lives. Rejection theory is based on the premise that children that are rejected by their peers are not given the same opportunities to socialize and develop socialization skills. This further distances them from their peers (Cole Gillenssen, 1993). Life course perspective is an appropriate lens to use when reviewing bullying and the after effects it has on the victims of it. Research has shown that bullying can cause victims to have varying degrees of posttraumatic stress syndrome (Houbre et al., 2006). Elder (1998) researched the social pathways in the life course. This research revealed that individual’s lives are influenced by their ever-changing effects of their experiences. Research Questions/Null Hypothesis Research Question #1: How are men and women impacted by the bullying they encountered as youth? Null Hypothesis #1: There will be no statistical significant difference in how men and women are impacted by bullying that they encountered as youth as measured by the Revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire. Research Question #2: How did bullying as a youth affect men? Null Hypothesis #2: There will be no evidence that being bullied in their youth will have an impact on their adult lives as men. Research Question #3: How did bullying as a youth affect women? Null Hypothesis #3: There will be no evidence that being bullied in their youth will have an impact on their adult lives as women. Research Question #4: What are the implications in their current life that they feel resulted from the bullying they encountered as youth? Null Hypothesis #4: There will be no statistically significant evidence of implications in their current life that were a result from bullying that they encountered as youth. Research Question #5: How do they feel their bullying experiences impacts their ability to socialize with people now? Null Hypothesis #5: There will be no evidence that bullying experiences in their past will impact an adult’s ability to socialize with other people. Definition of Terms Bully/victims: individuals who both bully others and are victims of bullying (Espelage Swearer, 2003). Bullying: aggressive behavior that occurs repeatedly over time and includes both physical and emotional acts that are directed towards another individual with the intent to inflict harm or discomfort (Olweus, 1993). Bystander: individual who observes a bullying incident (Olweus, 1993). Emotional Scarring: the association of negative feelings with the recollection of painful memories of being bullied (Espelage, 2002). Peer: an individual belonging to the same groups based on age, grade, and status (Olweus, 1993). Victim of Bullying: an individual who is exposed repeatedly over time to aggressive behavior that is inflicted by his peers with the intent to cause harm or discomfort (Espelage, 2002; Olweus, 1993). Assumptions The assumptions made about the participants in this study are that they are of sound mind to participate in this study. The assumptions made that all of the participants will answer the web survey honestly. The assumptions made that all of the participants were bullied in their youth. Delimitations The research recognizes the following delimitations for the study: The sample size will be dependent of the amount of people who respond to the email of inquiry at this study. All respondents are mentally competent to answer the questions in the online survey. The participants have the potential to be spread out across the United States. Limitations Quantitative research looks for generalizability of the research findings to the larger population (Crestwell, 2005). Generalizability is not as important to qualitative research that is seeking to explore a phenomenon and the impact it has. If more men respond then women to this survey, then it would not be an equally distributed sample. Socio-economic status is not asked in this study.

Hitler an the Holocaust :: Essays Papers

Hitler an the Holocaust Adolph Hitler was known as the dictator of Nazi Germany. As a youth, Hitler already showed signs that characterized his later life, such as the unableness to make ordinary human relationships, a hatred for non-Germany people such as the Jews, and the dream of living in a world of fantasy. So when Adolph Hitler came into power in 1933, he lived out these characteristics in a very publicized way. Once elected, Hitler went on to create an absolute dictatorship and had an ultimate goal of establishing a greater Germany that had ever existed before in history. In the establishment of this great Germany, Hitler was able to murder approximately six million Jews with his Nazi Germany during World War II.1 The Jews were believed to have an inheritance that threatened German and Christian values. This attempt made by the Germans to kill as many Jews as possible came to be know as the Holocaust. On January 30, 1933, the German president Hindenburg named Adolph Hitler the Chancellor, which was the most powerful position in the German government.2 At this time Hitler was already the leader of the strongest and most powerful party in Germany, the Nazi Party. The Nazis first called the German Workers’ Party, were a nationalist and extremely racist group that held the same views as Hitler.3 Hitler first started out as a member of the Party, then moved his way to the top. He soon changed the name of the German Workers’ Party to the National Socialist German Workers’ Party, otherwise known as the Nazis.4 The party all had basically the same views and ideas; they were all violent, racial, nationalists, and opposed liberal democracy. The party took the symbol of the swastika and the Heil greeting from other German racist groups, and the German salute.5 Hitler rose to become the highest power in the Nazi party and was ready to become the leader of Germ any. As soon as he was put in power, Hitler was out to end German democracy and instead make an absolute dictatorship. In March of 1933, the Enabling Act gave Hitler ultimate dictator power.6 As soon as this power was granted, Hitler began preparing for the war. In preparing for war, Hitler recreated a universal military service; he then went on to build a powerful air force.

Technology is a Benefit to Our Society Essay -- Argumentative Persuasi

Technology is a Benefit to Our Society Over the last century, our world has evolved so much, because of the growth of the technological field. Although we spend a lot of money in order to gain new information, the reward goes far beyond the cost of money. In this case, the reward is the ability to save the lives of millions of people. In his essay, â€Å"The Technology of Medicine,† Lewis Thomas describes the three levels of technology; Nontechnology, Halfway Technology, and Effective Technology (582-583). â€Å"Nontechnology† has become the therapeutic part of technology, which helps patients through the emotional and mental effects that a disease can have on them. â€Å"Halfway Technology† is the name given to procedures, such as transplants, that prevent deaths of patients from the failure of certain organs of their bodies. However, the most important level is â€Å"Effective Technology† which consists of inventions used to help manage, eliminate or detect certain types of diseases before t hey have a chance to progress to higher levels within patients’ bodies. All these gadgets show that technology can be used as a benefit to humankind, only when used for the correct reasons to avoid such disasters as the cancer caused by bomb testing in Terry Williams’ essay, â€Å"The Clan of One-breasted Women.† Effective technology has not only touched the lives of people living in the United States, but those living all around the world as well. Through the invention of immunizations, we have been able to eliminate many diseases, such as smallpox, that have caused the death of millions of people in past generations. If not for the invention of antibiotics, the time and money that would be spent on treatments for infections would be much greater than ... ...s made in my life; and if it were not for the different inventions that have come out of technology, many of us would not be here today. How has technology made a difference in your life? Maybe you should think about that question before taking your own decision on this subject. Works Cited Gould, Stephen Jay. â€Å"The Terrifying Normalcy of AIDS.† The McGraw-Hill Reader. 8th ed. Ed. Gilbert H. Muller. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003. 594-597 Selzer, Richard. â€Å"Sarcophagus.† McGraw-Hill Reader. 8th ed. Ed. Gilbert H. Muller. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003. Thomas, Lewis. â€Å"The Technology of Medicine.† McGraw-Hill Reader. 8th ed. Ed. Gilbert H. Muller. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003. Williams, Terry Tempest. â€Å"The Clan of One-Breasted Women.† McGraw-Hill Reader. 8th ed. Ed. Gilbert H. Muller. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003. 598-607 4 Montilus 1

Essay example --

TO STUDY THE HEAD HUNTING RECRUITMENT PROCESS IN MOTHER DAIRY. INTRODUCTION Indian Dairy Industry: A Profile Indian Dairy’s production level is expected to be tripled by the next 10 years in the view of expanding potential for export to Europe and the West. In the coming years WTO regulations will come in to force in all the developing countries which are among big exporters today. India is the lowest cost producer of per litre milk in the world. Because India is the lowest cost producer of per litre milk in the world, therefore Multinational companies are planning to expand their activities in India. Many milk producers have obtained various certificates for good quality standard from the authorities, which help them to market their product in the foreign market in the processed form. Business Environment Of Dairy Industry India had an acute shortage of milk but gradually it has transformed to the world’s leading milk producer over the span of three decades. This phenomenal success was achieved because Government of India had started this initiative called â€Å"Operation Flood â€Å"and it intensely focused on dairy development activities. In that initiative urban markets were linked to rural milk shed through the development of a network of village cooperatives for procuring and marketing milk. Emerging Situations In India, Dairy is currently the top ranked commodity. Dairy Sector hold a strong position in the GDP, but still it receives less Government funding than the agriculture sector. Since, the population is growing and with that the national income of the people are also growing, they are becoming health conscious and the demand for milk is also growing, therefore this is a serious matter because of the slowdown in the growth of ... ...ficiency and spread its entire work force. They focus more on providing a rigorous training facility to the young recruits so that they are well prepared to face the competitive world. Mother Dairy primarily focuses on the middle class families because they have a strong value system, so they have that urge of learning new things and to work with full dedication. Since, Mother Dairy has moved on from the Transactional HR to Transformational HR that’s why it has been visiting more to various recognised and prestigious campuses for recruiting young talents. Mother Dairy also provides opportunities to young emerging students from various campuses to work with them in the form of summer internship and live projects. By doing this internship’s and projects the students get very good exposures regarding how the real live corporate world is and how it functions.

Business Organizations

Community Counseling Service Need for non-competition clause in contract – but must be careful not to violate public ppolicy What is the duty of a party to the firm when he is planning to leave but hasn’t yet left? You cannot seek out firm’s clients while you are still working there Hamburger Did not solicit clients’ business while he was still their employ Anderson Rule: categorical – fiduciary duty obliges the fiduciary to act in the best interests of his client or beneficiary and to refrain from self-interested behavior not specifically allowed by the employment contract.Easterbrook and Fischel Rule: difficult to apply in practice – socially optimal fiduciary rules approximate the bargain that iinvestors and agent would strike if they were able to dicker at no cost. (not a great rule because there are always transaction costs) Limitations on the right to discharge Foley Must decide what the relationship between the parties is: independent contractor, employee, etc? Cannot be fired for irrational reasons or for certain protected reasons (if employee) Employees invest and rely, therefore they need protectionAlleged public ppolicy: employees doing the right thing for their employer Court says there is no public interest in helping a private employer Employer’s interest ? public interest Employer handbook can be used as evidence to prove it is not at-will employment Tortious breach of good faith and fair dealing – Court says no, there would be no duty to mitigate for contract breaches, therefore it’s not a good idea Duty to Creditors (39-49) Blackburn P reasonably believed A was acting with the authority of P, P did nothing to discourage her belief Sennot All partners are agents for the principal, by default PARTNERSHIP Partnerships and other Non-Corporate Forms GPs An association of two or more people to carry on, as co-owiners of a business for profit A lot of litigation is decided on whether or no t the parties were co-owiners Intent that counts is not the creation of a partnership, but the intent to carry on a business for profit as co-owner Evidence of whether or not there is a partnership:Control Sharing of profits and losses JVs Partnership for a limited time and limited purpose LPs Limited partners are very much like stockholders – they are just investing their money, they don’t have management rights/ powers and are not liable for partnership debts Generally, only one general partner and multiple limited partners/ passive iinvestors Cannot accidentally fall into a limited partnership because LPs must be registered with the government (gen. state) LLCsForm of a business organization for a small number of people with a relatively close relationship but who don’t want to be personally liable for business expenses As ssimilar as possible to a corporation without being taxed like a corporation Interests are not freely transferrable like in a corporation LLPs Same as general partnership except creditors cannot go after partners personal wealth for partnership debt LLLPs The general partner is no longer liable for partnership debts Same can be achieve if the GP is a company (or some other non-human) Characterizing the RelationshipByker v. Mannes The definitive way to ensure your relationship is not characterized as a general partnership is to become a different type of business organization You can always leave a partnership, at any time You can fall into GPship Hynansky v. Vietri H never filed a partnership tax return and treated the losses as his own Pretty iron-clad rule: you have a to have a right to profits to be considered a partner Sharing Profits and losses Kovacik v. Reed Didn’t talk about who was going to share losses One gave money, the other gave only labor Default rule is that losses follow profitsLost oopportunity costs for both parties Fiduciary Duty (75-87) Duty of Loyalty Meinhard v. Salmon Question of fiducia ry duty Meinhard claims Salmon should have told him about the new deal Salmon got the oopportunity through being a partner, therefore he owes Meinhard, at least, the duty to disclose Salmon has a duty to Meinhard in their common business – what is their common business? Revised Partnership Act  §403: Duty of care  §404: Duty of loyalty  §103(b): Set of default rules, subject to limitations – (3) duty of loyalty cannot be taken away Self-dealing Business Organizations Founder's syndrome: When founders try to hang on to control to the detriment of the organization is widely identified as an issue for non-profit and for-profit organizations. Recently, it's emerged as a concern in the world of tech start-ups, where founder identification with the business or product is often as passionate and personal as that of social entrepreneurs (Linnell, 2004; Rowat, 2007). The common thread in founder's syndrome across sectors is the type of person who establishes a non-profit, tech firm, or social entrepreneurship. In all instances, these individuals tend to be passion-driven people with a sense of personal mission that translates to their organization. They are, understandably, highly identified with the organizations they create, and this individual sense of commitment is often critical to bringing the organization through its early growth stages.There is no doubt the founder is central in the early days of social entrepreneurship. Later, during the growth stage, the founder may retain leadership importance to a significant degree and, according to Johnson (2014), there is evidence that founders, with their charisma and persuasive ability, are vital to attracting investor capital during the scaling stage (Johnson, 2014). At the critical growth stage, it is necessary for businesses to replace individual leadership with corporate leadership, establishing the governance systems and processes required by larger, more complex, and necessarily more accountable, organizations. Founders who cannot or will not let go of personal influence when this moment arrives inadvertently endanger the future of their organization and its mission with their determination to stay in control. None of this may ultimately be the founder's fault. In fact, rather than being seen as a failure on the part of the founder, founder's syndrome is seen as a failure of a more extensive organizational leadership that allows a focus on the founder to distract from a focus on business strategy and mission (Schmidt, 2013). Businesses that neglect to create governance systems create a climate where founder's syndrome (among other issues) can adversely affect the company. Good governance practice provides a way for organizations to make a smooth transition from founder-led to governing board-led organization. Establishing a strong, unified, independent board with robust accountability and decision-making systems makes companies capable of avoiding some of the worst negative impacts of founder's syndrome without destroying the positive benefit the founder brings to the organization or sacrificing the connection between mission and business established by the founder. Business organizations Business organizations today operate in an environment that is characterized by intense global competition.A sound strategic management perspective is imperative for any enterprise to achieve sustainable strategic competitiveness and earn above average returns. Business leaders need to adopt a new mind-set that values flexibility, speed, innovation, integration and the challenges that evolve from constantly changing conditions (Hitt & Duane 2006: 2-10).Intel Corporation of the US is the world’s largest semiconductor company. Paul Otellini is its Chief Executive Officer and Craig Barrett is the Chairman, Board of Directors.Intel combines advanced chip design capability with a leading-edge manufacturing capability. It unveiled its new branding and marketing strategy in the year 2006. It included a new logo and tagline â€Å"Intel leap ahead† in accordance with the changing times (Edwards 2006: 43-53).Today Intel is the leading manufacturer of high quality processors, chip sets, motherboards, adapters, Ethernet controllers, micro controllers, PCI bridges, storage systems etc. for a wide range of applications like desktop, laptop, servers and workstations, networking communications, consumer electronics, health care sector and entertainment industry.A vision is a road map showing the route a company intends to take in developing and strengthening its business. Well-conceived vision statements are distinctive and specific to a given organization. (Thomson, et. Al., 2006, pp. 15-20).The vision of Intel Corporation is â€Å"At Intel, we constantly push the boundaries of innovation in order to make people’s lives more exiting, more fulfilling, and easier to manage. Our unwavering commitment to moving technology forward has transformed the world by leaps and bounds.We are a company that’s always in motion, fuelling an industry that never rests. We inspire our partners to develop innovative products and services, rally the industry to support new products, and drive industry standards. We do this so that we can collectively deliver better solutions with greater benefits more quickly†.Through its vision statement Intel Corporation has set a very clear and convincing road map for its sustained growth and success.An organization’s mission is the very purpose or the reason for the existence of the organization. The mission statement of Intel is very well conceived and defines the fundamental reason or unique purpose of its existence.It sets the company apart from other firms of its type in the semiconductor industry. It also promotes a sense of shared expectations in its employees and it also communicates a positive image about itself to important stakeholders of the company like its shareholders. Objectives are the end results of all the planned activities of a given company.The objectives of Intel Corporation are to extend leadership in silicon and platform manufacturing, deliver architectural innovation for m arket-driven platforms and drive worldwide growth. The achievement of the objectives so stated by Intel Corporation will definitely result in the fulfillment of its mission statement.Scanning of the external environment helps the companies to understand and analyze external strategic issues and factors to identify the opportunities and threats facing it.The factors having the greatest impact on the company’s strategy-shaping mainly pertain to the company’s immediate Industry and the environment in which it operates. Intel Corporation is a leading player in the semiconductor industry which comprises of all organizations that are engaged in the design and manufacture of semiconductor devices.Currently in the semiconductor industry the threat of new entrants is low as the entry barriers are high. The industry is characterized by rapid technological advances, continuous product innovations, economies of scale in manufacturing of the products and strong learning/experience curve effects driving down costs continuously.The inter firm rivalry is high and there is intense competition between the major players in this industry like Intel, Samsung, Texas Instruments, ST Microelectronics, NXP, Freescale, Infineon etc. The threat of substitutes and the bargaining power of the suppliers in the semiconductor industry is low.As the industry sells to a small number of very large customers who buy in very large quantities the bargaining power of the customers is very high. The relative power of the other stake holder that is the government is high as the U.S. government regulates exports and certain uses of some types of semiconductors due to their potential use in military applications.

Factors Influencing Career Choice Among the Senior High School

A Thesis in the section of Psychology and pedagogics, Faculty of educational STUDIES Submitted to the in spirt of Graduate Studies, University of Education, Winneba, in fond(p) fulfilment of the requirements for award of the Master of crop of thought (M. Phil focal point & Counselling) point JULY, 2011 DECLARATION encounter- hop on baby birdS DECLARATION I, DANIEL KWASI GAMELI AVUGLA declargon that this Thesis, with the excommunication of quotations and references contained in published run lows which absorb tot exclusivelyy being identified and punctu in anyy ac familiarityd, is entirely my feature original shit believe, and it has non been submitted, either in get or whole for a nonher degree elsew hereSIGNATURE ..DATE ..SUPERVISORS DECLARATIONI hereby decl be that the preparation and origination of this plough was supervised by me in accor bounce with the guidelines for the supervision of Thesis determined down by the University of Education, Winneba.NAME OF SUPERVISOR ..SIGNATURE ..DATE .DEDICATIONI reach this crap to my de atomic number 18st wife flush and children Albert, Elikplim and Herbert. ABSTRACT The searcher dress out come out of the closet to investigate parts that mildew go pickax among the take(postnominal) extravagantly tame students in the southwesterly Tongu District of Volta Region, Ghana, and the finale to which those factors twist students quality.Survey jut out was do. The master(prenominal) pawn apply for info appealingness was questionnaire. Simple hit-or-miss set somewhat techniques was apply to charter devil hundred students, and convenient try techniques used to select trio administrators and ternary charge and c at single tim encipher coordinators for the think e actuallywhere from the three public irregular cycle institutions in the District. Both descriptive and illative statistics were used in analysing data. The trace validity was ingrainedised use facto r epitome and reliability using Cronbachs alpha.The results of the main hypothesis and the seek questions postulated for the admit revealed that ingrained factors reliably predicted biography natural selection suggesting that Extrinsic factors and inter soulfulnessalized factors ar non signifi seatt predictors when the loads of Extrinsic factors and tender factors be earnled for. This sponsors students gather up near and search keep historys that ultimately lead to descental multitude option. This vie a critical casing in shaping students forethoughter resource.It was recomm terminate that course of challenge Education and counsellor should be introduced in the outgrowthhand naturalise to change children to explore the military man of fiddle as unfledged mass train to make a peaceful transition from primary sound to the sign years of older superior school and the Ministry of Education should allocate fund for a management and Coun selling activities in all base and arcsecond cycle schools. This streakament enable the advocate coordinators to function in achievement at their diverse aims of work.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTI am head-nigh grateful to the Almighty God for His love c atomic number 18 and mercy which has do it potential for me to comp permite this work. I as hearty manage to accognition with gratitude, the boost, corrections and centering aband wizd to me by Mrs. Mary A. Ackummey and prof M. F. Alonge, my supervisory program and co-supervisor extolively for this work to be completed. I am too grateful to Professor J. K. Aboagye, the Head of Department and Dr. Richard Ofori, the Director for enquiry at the National Centre for explore into Basic Education (NCRIBE) for their immerse attention.He wantwise became my final supervisor to make this work complete. I wish to express my gustatory perception to Messrs K. T. Agor and C. F. K. Nyadudzi, the Headmasters of Sogakope old(a) game Scho ol and Dabala Senior High Technical. And overly Rev. Father Gbordzoe, the head teacher of Comboni Technical vocational Institute for their serve wellance in allowing me to administer my questionnaires in their schools. I am grateful to Mr. C. Y. Ablana who allowed me to use his government agency during the current.Finally I wish to express my gratitude to all those who dish in diverse shipway passim the entire work for their criticism, encouragement and corrections. Special thanks go to Dr. As ar Amoah of Department of Psychology and Education who takes his time to regulate to it that the requisite corrections were carried out.TABLE OF cognitive content CONTENT PAGEDeclaration i Dedication ii solicit iii Acknowledgement iv postp adept of Content v List of Tables x List of Figures xiCHAPTER mavin1. 1 Background to the instruct 1 1. 2 Statement of the line of work 4 1. 3 Purpose of the laddering field 5 1. 4 Hypotheses 6 1. 5 Research Questions 6 1. 6 The meaning of the Study 6 1. 7Delimitation 7 1. 8 Definition of Terms 7 1. institution of the Study 8CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF link up LITERATURE2. 1 hand overment 9 2. 2 Factors Influencing vocational prime(a) 9 2. 3 locomote finish Making 17 2. 3. 1 feature-and-Factor surmisal/ Actuarial scheme of flight Development 20 2. 3. 2 Hollands Personality Type system 23 2. . 3 Anne roes Personality/ pack executable action 28 2. 3. 4 The Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad and Herman possibility 31 2. 3. 5 Supers Self-concept surmisal 32 2. 3. 6 Four-Humors Theory 35 2. 3. 7 fond Cognitive Theory 39 2. 4 Types of travel 41 2. Barriers to passage weft 43 2. 6 The melodic line office of way and Counselling Coordinator in C argonr Choice and Development 45 2. 7 The Implications of the Study 48 2. 8 suppositious Framework of the Study 49 2. 8 digest 57CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY3. 1Introduction59 3. Research goal 59 3. 3 state 59 3. 4 Sample and Sampling routine 61 3. 5 Study world 62 3. 6 Instrumentation 62 3. 6. 1 Assessment of Validity and reliability of factors influencing students prime(prenominal) of flight questionnaire 63 3. mode of Data Collection 66 3. 8Data abstract 66CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS67 4. 1 sum-up of students Bio Data 67 4. 1. 1 hinge on statistical distri andion of Students 67 4. 1. sequence distribution of Students 68 4. 1. 3 course of take on Pursue by Students 69 4. 1. 4 Intended C atomic number 18ers of Students 70 4. 2 running gameing of Main guess 71 4. 3 Testing of adjuvant Hypotheses 73 4. 3. 1 Sex Differences in Extrinsic, Intrinsic and well-disposed Factors 73 4. 3. originate on with Differences on Extrinsic, Intrinsic and genial Factors 74 4. 4 abridgment of Qualitative Data 76 4. 4. 1 Analysis of Bio Data collected from Guidance and Counselling Coordinators and Administrators 76 4. 4. 2 Sex Distribution of Administrators and Guidance and Counselling Coordinators 77 4. 4. 3 Age Distribution of Administrators and G uidance and Counselling Coordinators 77 4. 4. Position of Respondents 78 4. 4. 5 Number of years served by the Administrators and Guidance and Counselling Coordinators in their various institutions 78 4. 5 Qualitative Analysis of Administrators and Guidance and Counselling Coordinators Data 79CHAPTER tail fin SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS88 5. 1 Discussion 88 5. . 1 The terminus to which Intrinsic Factors model Students Choice of C beer 88 5. 1. 2 The Extent to which Extrinsic Factors Influence Students Choice of Career 90 5. 1. 3 The Extent to which inter some atomic number 53al Factors Influence Students Choice of Career91 5. 1. 4 line of deeds Students face in reservation their Career Choice 92 5. 2 Summary of the Findings 93 5. 3 Conclusion 95 5. 4Recommendations 95 5. Suggestions for Further Studies 97 References 98 appendix A- Factors influencing students select of melodic phraseal root word questionnaire 105 Appendix B- validate ve rsion of factors influencing students pickaxe of liveliness history questionnaire 109 Appendix C- Open ended questionnaire for Guidance and Counselling Coordinators and Administrators 113 Appendix D- world of final year students in the three public second cycle institutions for 2010/2011 donnish Year. 117 Appendix E- Letter of Introduction 119LIST OF TABLESTable summon 2. Supers Vocational Developmental Tasks 34 2. 2 Jobs jibted and crinkles to be avoided by each temperament type 39 3. 1 Population of Administrators and Guidance and Counselling Coordinators 60 3. 2Distribution of respondents by institutions 61 3. 3Item listings and factor loadings for the four-factor principal component solution 65 4. 1 Distribution of students by intended selection 71 4. Logistic reversal model of life story survival of the fittest ( snowy-collar business enterprise & fat-collar short letter) as a function of Extrinsic, Intrinsic and Inter in- person factors. 73 4. 3 Summary statis tics and Independent-samples T-test on their influence on the 2 elicit groups 74 4. 4ANOVA constituteing the effect of age on Extrinsic factors 75 4. 5ANOVA showing the effect of age on Intrinsic factors 75 4. 6 ANOVA showing the effect of age on Inter somebody(prenominal) factors 76LIST OF FIGURESFigure Page 2. 1 Holland hexagonal model 27 2. 2 A diagram reciprocal Causation 40 2. 3 suppositious model of Career filling 57 4. 1 Sex Distribution of students. 68 4. 2 Age Distribution of students 69 4. 3 Distribution of the Respondents by Programme 70 4. 4 Age Distribution of Administrators and Guidance nd Counselling Coordinators 77 4. 5 Position of the Respondents 78 4. 6 Number of years served by the Administrators and Guidance and Counselling Coordinator in their various institutions 78CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION1. 1 Background to the Study The splendor of craftal group choice among senior eminent students foot non be over emphasized. Students at this train are mainly adoles cents who are wr etc.ed from this stage of phylogeny into braggart(a)hood. Pearson Education res germinate ( two hundred7) pay offs an adolescent as a young person, usually betwixt the ages of twelve and eighteen, who is ontogenesis into an adult.Encarta ( two hundred9) defines adolescent as, somebody in the time close preceding adulthood somebody who has reached pubescence but non yet adult. At this stage the private is utter to be going through the period of adolescence. A comprehensive instruct conducted in America by Remmers and Raddler (1957) cited in Horrocks (1962) requestd that trine of teenagers after finishing high school within six months expected to be at work, though know less(prenominal)(prenominal) rough how to shoot a undertaking, train for it and establish in it. A romp is a kind of work and a charge is time spent in one type of avocation heavens of stakes (Kelly-Plate and Volz-Patton, 1991, p. 13). Most students get under ones skin in trut h miniscule facilitate in growth a passage direction mend stable in senior high school.They are lots influenced by the media, peers, and with truly little knowledge of what they might primarily be avocationed in or motivated to do. Most of them may bewilder a level of misgiving of where to get help on how to choose a move. Since move is a lifelong plan, students at this level should be back up to enable them learn a unload knock plan as it get out be difficult for them at their age to recover things understandably roughly themselves. Thinking or make a finis approximately ones biography and do a choice is vital. Fry, Stoner and Hattwick (1998) pretend that it is never too early to dismount idea well-nigh vocations when in high school. Some students may clear clear vocation direction in reason man umteen of them lead check little clue as to which move is best for them.Fry et al, elevate said however if you are a freshman or sophomore, now is the time to begin thinking about your life beyond college p. 561. conglomerate stack choose jobs for various reasons. A lot of the great unwashed look for jobs that will pay well since everyone necessitate bullion for the staples much(prenominal) as food, clothes, accommodation, education, cheer and early(a)(a)s. For many a(prenominal) men and women, work helps define their identity and their sense of egotism-worth (Thio, 1989). They see themselves as tribe, who are responsible, who get things done and clear enough to be paid for the go they render. People take pride in the work they do. They also alike(p) the smell that comes with doing their work well.People enjoy using their skills, talents and works hard to improve those skills. People work to be utilizable, by work mass feel that they are contributing their quota to the development of the party. They may work to take care of themselves and their family or work to help some oppositewise slew in the societ y. Most good deal choose jobs that will enable them move with others. For example, journalism, teaching, and selling enable one to act with a whole lot of people. They do not like to be merely for a long period. Their job gives them the chance to be with others and talk to people. It is clear that work fulfils many key take ins and until now those who become rich overnight still work.Since no one special(prenominal) job satisfies all postulate, the right job stooge be satisfying in a very special way, and that is why it is outstanding to think carefully about ones own wants, needs, interests and abilities before do a choice. iodine needs not to joke about his choice of charge. operative should not be just occupying oneself. OToole (1973), cited in (Thio, 1989, p. 444) opines that People with satisfying jobs have punter mental wellness than those with less satisfying work. Thus, people who are joyful with their jobs also tend to have get out physical health and to live longer. Although diet, exercise, medical exam examination care and genetics are all related to the incidence of heart disease, job dis satisfaction is more closely linked to the driving force of death. all(prenominal) someoneistic is set about with choosing among the mountainous areas of assembly lineal cluster of work.Such as agri polish, business and office, communication and media, health, hospitality and recreation, manufacturing, marine learning, construction, arts, kind-heartedness and sciences, bag sparings, selling and distribution, natural resources and surroundings, personal operate, public service, and transportation. Rao (1992) cited in Kankam & Onivehu ( two hundred0) identified two factors that call for centering and direction run or activities in unessential schools one of which is the making of academic choice that in the end determines the vocational future. The origin of vocational guidance sess be traced to the get together States of Ame rica. educational guidance originated from the development of vocational guidance run.In 1908 the Vocational Bureau of capital of Massachusetts was formed under the auspices of an American lawyer and educator Frank Parsons to assist young men make vocational choices ground on their occupational aptitudes and interest (Fruehling, two hundred8). Guidance began to diffuse as a result of Parsons ideas. Brewer (1942) cited in archer (1997) put across four conditions that work together to bring about the fount and development of vocational guidance. These are variableness of labour, the growth of technology, the extension of vocational education, and the spread of modern forms of democracy. The four elements listed in a higher place were however, intensify by the First World fight which led to the shortage of skilled manpower.Though in Ghana vocational/technical can be traced back to the 19th hundred when two the Basel and Wesleyan missionaries made a shift from the initial thre e Rs reading, writing and arithmetic to plain and technical curriculum (Hama, 2003), guidance in Ghana started in 1955 when the Ministry of Labour, Education and mixer Wel utmoste came together and established offspring Employment Department. Its aim was to cater for the needs of the unemployed middle school leavers beneath the age of twenty years. By 1960, thither were about thirty of much(prenominal) centres in the res publica (Ackummey, 2003). 1. 2 Statement of the Problem Searching for a job, life story cooking and deciding on what to choose pass an authoritative role in students go choices. legion(predicate) students ofttimes are faced with un certain(prenominal)(p)ty and stress as they make course choices. Many of them do not make up to(predicate) investigate on their own life history nor do they receive adequate directions from their school guidance coordinators. Most of them are not aware of what goes into public life choice. Many young go into unsuitable flights cod to ignorance, inexperience, peer pressure, advice from friends, parents and teachers or as a result of the prestige attached to certain jobs without adequate vocational guidance and line of achievement counselling. Lawer (2007) researched on assessing the effectiveness of calling guidance in senior supplemental schools in Kumasi Metropolitan District.He concluded that bulk of students were not aware of major occupation groups in Ghana, knowledge of training and qualification necessary for employment in the various occupations, conditions of work, earning and other rewards of occupation, and did not have better soul of their go interest, aptitudes and abilities. This all the way shows that legal age of them were not touch on about their future flight. This bureau compels one to ask whether they are addicted the mandatory guidance on visible(prenominal) occupational groups relating to the programmes they are pursuing. Are they aware of what goes into rush cho ice? And what ad hoc factors influence their choice and how do those factors influence them? This see because seeks to find out the extent to which constitutional, extrinsic, and social factors influence the choice of calling of senior high students. 1. 3 Purpose of the StudyThe break up of this study is to get a line those factors that influence students finding concerning choice of go in the south to the highest degree Tongu District and the extent to which these factors influence their choices. In gain, the study seeks to examine the differences amidst intrinsic factors, extrinsic factors, and social factors in making career choice. It will also travail to find out worrys encountered by students in making their career choices. 4. Hypotheses The study want to test a logistic regression model in which Intrinsic, Extrinsic and Interpersonal factors are assumed to influence students career (blue/ gabardine collar jobs) in the senior high schools.The pursuit supplem entary hypotheses were also tested 1. on that point will be substantial sex differences in Extrinsic, Intrinsic, and Interpersonal factors. 2. There will be world-shaking age differences in Extrinsic, Intrinsic, and Interpersonal factors. 1. 5 Research Questions The quest research questions were also used to guide the police detective to trickle out the study. 1. To what extent do Intrinsic factors influence students choice of career? 2. To what extent do Extrinsic factors influence students choice of career? 3. To what extent do Interpersonal factors influence students choice of career? 4. What problems do students face in making their career choices? 1. The Significance of the Study Many factors put on career choices of senior high school students. Identifying these factors would give parents, educators, and industry an idea as to where students place approximately of their trust in the career selection process. It will not only management on factors influencing career ch oice among students in the sec Tongu District, but also highlight career conclusion making tools that have implications for career counselling. In addition, it will equally furnish an modify study into how intrinsic, extrinsic and social factors influence career choice for others who wish to gain research into this area of study. 1. 7 DelimitationThe study focuses on what goes on in the South Tongu District instead of looking at the country as a whole, consequently its application to the country or larger nation may not be reliable. 1. 8 Definition of Terms For the train of this study the pursuance operational definitions will be used Intrinsic factors accommodate interest in the job and temperament that satisfies work. In the broader sense they are sanctioned and essential features which form part of soul kind of than because of his or her association. Extrinsic factors complicate availability of jobs and how well an occupation pays or brings benefit. They also inc lude those essential features as a result of the individuals associations or consequences.Interpersonal factors include the influence of parents and significant others. It is concerned or twisty kins in the midst of people. Career is a pattern of work related to preparations and experiences which is carried through a persons life. Job is a meet of work carried out for a pay. make water physical and mental effort tell towards doing something. It is a job in the broader sense. Student refers to a learner in a senior high school. 1. 9 organic law of the Study The whole study was arrange in five main chapters.The firstly chapter deals with the background to the study, the statement of the problem, the determination of the study, hypotheses, and the implication of the study, delimitations, and definition of terms. The second chapter revueed related literatures that are applicable to the study. It take ins the preceding studies on the topic. It includes other areas like factors influencing career choice, career decision-making, types of career- blue/white collar jobs, barriers to career choice, the role of guidance co-ordinators in career choice, counselling implication of the study, suppositional framework of the study, and the summary of the literature follow-up.Chapter three focuses on the mannerology, the research normal, population, sample and sampling procedure, instrumentation- validity, reliability and method of ingathering data and its digest. Chapter four deals with data mystifyation and epitome, and finally, the fifth chapter covers discussion, summary of the major findings, conclusions, recommendations and suggestions for future study. CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF cerebrate LITERATURE 2. 1 Introduction This chapter deals with the review of related literature. It was organized under the undermentioned sub-headings factors influencing vocational choice, career decision-making, Types of career- blue/white collar jobs, barriers to caree r choice, the role of guidance coordinators in vocational guidance, counselling implications of the study, and the theoretical framework of the study.It ends with the summary of the literature review done. 2. 2 Factors Influencing Vocational Choice stripling occupational choice is influenced by many factors, including intrinsic, extrinsic and interpersonal factors. Kankam & Onivehu (2000) indicate talented ability, aptitudes, the school, family, constitution, vanity, values, interest, and environsal influences as factors that influence peoples choice of career. In the equivalent year, Bedu-Addo (2000) states the following as factors influencing career choice intellectual ability, aptitudes, the school, family, character, self concept and self esteem, values, interest, and environmental influences.Similarly, Taylor and Buku (2006) also state abilities, needs and interests, stereotype/prestige, values, the school/educational attainment, family/ enatic, perspective, and aspirat ion. Mankoe (2007) lists the following as factors that influence peoples choice of career peoples interests, abilities and personalities, peoples occupational preferences, life and work satisfaction, and employment variables. Jones and Larke (2001) researched on factors influencing career choice of African American and Latino graduates of a Land-grant College of Agriculture. The propose of this study was to identify and describe the factors that were related to African American and Hispanic graduates decisions to choose (or not to choose) a career in agriculture or a related field preliminary to or after college.The population for this study was all African American and Hispanic graduates who received a first degree in an agriculture-related field at Texas A & M University between May 1990 and celestial latitude 1997. Five hundred and fifty-one questionnaires were get off to respondents. The research design applied was Ex post facto and both descriptive and inferential statistic s were used. The findings revealed that, various commonalities and differences existed among the two groups. When respondents enrolled in their first agriculture-related course did not have a major effect on their fortune that they will select an agriculture-related career. However, the role of significant others and specific job-related factors is validated in this study.But having people who were not white to encourage respondents to consider an agriculture related career, emergenced respondents likeliness of pursuing an agriculture-related career. Respondents were more likely to succeed an agriculture-related career if their fathers occupation was agriculture-related. Parents level of education did not play a critical role in the respondents choosing an agriculture-related career. Salary was not considered to have an intrusion on respondents choice of their current career nor on their choice of agriculture as a career. But having limited job opportunities in agriculture led respondents to choose other careers. Likewise, retirement plan and job opportunities impacted respondents selection of a career.Issa and Nwalo (2005) conducted a research on factors affecting the career choice of undergraduates in Nigerian program library and training knowledge Schools. Data were analysed for frequency and percentageage using the cross-tabs sub-programme of the SPSS. The study revealed that majority did not make the course as their first choice but ended up in the Library School as a last resort. However, those who did were influenced somely by previous library work experience. Available sources of teaching on the course include parents/relations and peers. There are slightly more male librarianship students than females, indicating its popularity among both sexes. That 46. 9% of them were in the 22-26 age sustain showed that the younger undergraduates constitute the majority.The study concludes that notwithstanding the evidence of improved popularity of th e programme among the respondents, it form largely unpopular among prospective undergraduates in Nigeria when compared with such other courses as Accountancy, euphony and Law. It thus recommends that public awareness about the profession and the programme be intensify by all stakeholders if it must realise some of the best brains in the country who can meet the challenges of the 21st degree centigrade librarianship in Nigeria. This work was uniform to that of Jones and Larke (2001) in purpose, sample and method except that while Jones and Larke focused on African American and Hispanic graduates of college of agriculture, that of Issa and Nwalo concentrated on undergraduates in Nigerian Library and Information Science Schools. The research design applied and instrument used would be relevant to the beat study.Myburgh (2005) researched on an empirical abstract of career choice factors that influence first-year news report students at the University of Pretoria a cross-racial study. This cross- ethnic study examined the career choices of Asian, bneediness and white students at the University of Pretoria to identify the factors make Accountancy students to become lease accountants (CA) as only two and halve percent (609) of 24, 308 registered leased accountants in South Africa in 2005 were black, and only six percent (1,573) were Indian. sagaciousness the attitudes and the perceptions of CA first-year students can help course administrators/curriculum designers to align marketing and recruiting strategies with specific personal ccupational preferences of distinct racial groups enrolled for local CA courses. Survey design was used. Questionnaires are used in collecting data with a sample population of 550 and descriptive statistics used in analysis data collected. The finding revealed that performance in Accounting at school and the advice of parent, relatives and school teachers greatly influenced the students decision to become chartered accountants . All the three racial groups ranked availability of employment as the most main(prenominal) benefit of CA career and the employment protective covering as the second most important. The be of education and the obstruction of throw outing as a chartered accountant were identified as a problem.The purpose, sample and method used in data collection were similar to that of the above authors except that he focused on first year Accounting Students of the University of Pretoria. His finding on cost of education as a problem was similar to that of Amedzor (2003) and Borchert (2002). The methodological analysis used here would be relevant to the current work. Trauth, Quesenberry & Huang (2008) researched into A Multi hea and soish Analysis of Factors Influencing Career Choice for Women in the Information Technology (IT) Workforce. This article presents an analysis of cultural/actors influencing the career choices of women in the IT workforce. They employed the individual differences possibleness of sexuality and IT as a theoretical lens to analyze a qualitative data set of interviews with 200 women in different countries.The themes that emerged from this analysis blab out to the influence of cultural attitudes about maternity, childcare, enatic care and functional outside the home on a womans choice of an IT career. In addition, several redundant socio-cultural factors served to add further chance variable to gendered cultural influences gendered career norms, social class economic opportunity, and gender stereotypes about aptitude. These results lend further empirical jut to the emergent individual differences theory of gender and IT that endeavours to theorize within-gender variation with respect to issues related to gender and IT. They also point to areas where educational and workplace interventions can be enacted.This work was similar to others as far as purpose is concerned however, it focused just on women in the Information Technology Workforce. Borchert (2002) researched on career choice factors of high School Students. It aimed at finding out how influential were factors of disposition, environment and opportunities in making career choice. The purpose of the study was to identify the most important factor within these three factors that 2002 Germantown High School senior students used in deciding upon career choices. A look into was the selected instrument device with a sample population of 325 and both descriptive statistics were used in analysing data collected. The finding revealed that, character factors were identified as most important in choosing career.Environmental factors were not significant in making their choice, though they did not show outright disregard for them. There are opportunities for educational facilities and industries where students find themselves intellectually suffice for certain areas but lacked money needed to complete their training. His finding on lack of money to complete their traini ng was similar to that of Amedzor (2003) and Myburgh (2005). The research design used, data collection procedure, and areas of assessing students choice were related to the present work. ferry (2006) researched into Factors Influencing Career Choices of Adolescents and Young Adults in hobnailed pop.The qualitative study reported here explored factors that play key roles in bucolic high school seniors and young adults career choice process. Interview was used in collecting data from 12 focus groups from 11-county rural areas in the central Pennsylvania using purposeful sampling. The cultural and social context of family and community were found to be instrumental in how youth learn about careers and influential in the choice process. The economic and social circumstances of the broader community coloured and influenced the youth perceptions of appropriate career choice. Extension strategies that target parents and community to increase their involvement in youth career selection can promote punishing career decisions. This work was similar to that of Borchert (2002).However, it used interview and concentrated on a focus group. The areas of assessing students choice were related to the present work. Adjin (2004) researched into career choice in senior secondary schools a case study of Sogakope petty(a) and Dabala Secondary Technical Schools in the Volta Region of Ghana and used descriptive research design. He focused on factors that influence career choice, how proficient are the counsellors in handling students vocational problems in making career choice and shipway of improving career/vocational education. He made use of stratified sampling with a sample population of 200 respondents and descriptive statistics was used in analysis of data.The result of the study showed that interest was the most motivating factor that influenced career choice among students in Sogakope Senior Secondary and Dabala Secondary Technical Schools considering ability, interes t, monetary reward, and prestige. Also majority of the students of Sogakope and Dabala second cycle schools received help from their parents/guardians in choosing career and some gave no reason for making their choices. Responses collected also indicated that there were guidance coordinators in the schools who organised talks on career choice, decision making and neat study habits. However, other areas like problem solving, field trips/visit, group guidance/counselling, individual counselling were not all effective. His work was similar to that of Borchert (2002), Amedzor (2003), Annan (2006) and Edwards and Quinter (2011) in purpose, method and target group.By contrast previous research by Amedzor (2003) and subsequent researches by Annan (2006) and Edwards & Quinter (2011) showed prestige, temperament, and improvement opportunities and learning experiences respectively as the most important factors that influence choice. The research design, instrument used and the areas covere d in this work were similar to the present study. Amedzor (2003) researched on career guidance needs of young secondary two pupils in Ho Township basic schools and used descriptive go off design. It focused on career guidance needs of adolescents in the basic schools, factors that militate against effective guidance services and factors that facilitate the delivery of guidance services in schools. She used simple ergodic sampling and sample population of 200 respondents and descriptive statistics used in analysis of data.Her research showed that, prestige was the most important factor that influences career choice of students in Ho Township considering prestige, personal interest, and parental influence. And they also need monetary support for training towards their chosen careers. Most of them share the view that they need an expert to counsel them on how to choose, train, enter and be established in a career. Majority of the coordinators were not train, and guidance activitie s were below average and students were not willing to shape up the coordinators. Her areas of assessment are covered in the current study. Though, the researcher looked at factors that influence choice like others, it mainly focused on identifying career guidance needs of junior secondary two pupils.The sampling procedure, research design and instrument used were similar to the present study. Annan (2006) examined factors affecting career choice among senior secondary school students in Shama Ahanta einsteinium Metropolis and used descriptive survey design. He used simple stochastic sampling and sample population of 200 respondents and also used descriptive statistics in analysis of data. This study revealed that disposition was most influential factor that influenced career choice among senior secondary students in Ahanta vitamin E Metropolis and significant others as the to the lowest degree factor taking into consideration (ability, personality, natural benefit, home back ground, gender factors, and significant others).Adolescents have difficulties in how to choose a career and there was adolescent male gender biased in career choice as compared to female counterparts. It was similar to that of Borchert (2002), Amedzor (2003), Adjin (2004), Annan (2006) and Edwards and Quinter (2011) in purpose, method, and target group. The methodology used and the purpose of the study relate to the current work. Edwards and Quinter (2011) researched on Factors Influencing Students Career Choices among Secondary School students in Kisumu Municipality, Kenya. The purpose of this study was to examine factors influencing career choice among form four secondary school students in Kisumu municipality, Kenya. The study was conducted using descriptive survey design with a population of 332 students.The data for this study was collected using questionnaire and interview schedules. The findings of this study indicate that availability of advancement opportunities and learnin g experiences are the most influential factors affecting career choices among students. While males reported learning experiences and career flexibility as the most influential factors, females however reported availability of advancement opportunity and opportunity to apply skills as the most influential factors. However, no disagreement was reported for persons influencing career choice by gender. The methodology used and the purpose of the study relate to the current work.Despite the fact that overmuch has been written about the individual variables influencing career choice, the literature review however, revealed that very little empirical studies on this subject field of study exist especially regarding the factors influencing career choice among senior high students in the South Tongu District of the Volta Region, Ghana and the differences that exist among these factors. This study will, so, serve to fill up the lacking(p) gap in this aspect of the literature. 2. 3 Caree r Decision Making Decision making can defined as an act of choice by which an executive director selects one particular course of action from among possible alternatives for the attainment of a desired end or as a solution to a specific problem (Attieku, Dorkey, Marfo-Yiadom & Tekyi, 2006). It involves conscious or unconscious attempt at making a choice out of competing alternatives. It implies selecting from alternative policies, procedures, and programmes.Career decision making is vital as the country is faced with the problem of unemployment which is the result of poverty and other social vices in the country. The previous presidential term introduced the Youth Employment Programme to get across the situation. It aimed at facilitating job creation and placement of youth in the various economic ventures as well as social services in all districts throughout the country. The programme consists of ten modules out of the JHS/SHS graduates qualify to undertake 1. Youth in Agri- ve xation 2. alliance Protection System 3. Waste and sanitization Management Corps 4. Auxiliary wellness Care Workers Assistants (Micah, 2007). However was this able to kill off the problem of unemployment? For the hild to make a better decision about choice of career he must be helped in the areas below Self awareness educational awareness Career awareness Career exploration, and Career mean and decision making (Gibson & Mitchell, 1995). Self awareness Each child must be aware of and respect his/her uniqueness at an early age as human beings. Knowledge about ones aptitude, interests, values, personality traits, abilities and others is very essential in the development of concepts related to self and the use of these concepts in career exploration (value clarification, group guidance films and video tapes written assignments and interchangeable test).Puplampu (1998) posit that for one to make dear choices, he needs career guidance or career counselling, needs to be aware of h im/her self, and to have knowledge of occupations and options available. Educational awareness It is very essential in career planning for one to be aware of the birth between self, educational opportunities and the world of work (group guidance, games related to hobbies and recreation, steer activities). Career awareness Students at all levels of education should be assisted to have a continuous expansion of knowledge and awareness about the world of work. At each level students should be assisted to develop recognition of the relationships between values, life styles and careers (through films, career days, interest inventory).They are to be aware of relationships between desirable school habit responsibility, punctuality, efforts, positive human relationships and good worker traits. Career exploration This represents a well designed, planned inquiry and analysis of career that are of interest. Comparisons, reality testing, and standardised testing, and estimatorised programmes may be useful. Career planning and decision making Students at this level are to be helped to take control of their life and become an active constituent for shaping their own future. They need to constringe down their career possibility and then move on to examine and test these options as critically as possible.Students need to be aware of the process of decision making and choosing between competitive alternatives, examining the consequences of specific choices, the value of compromise, and implementing a decision. Students are to fuck the impact of their current plan and decision making on their future. Knowledge about the above helps students to make informed decision and enable then to cope with career development tasks posed by the society during their school period. Students at this level are influenced by what they see virtually them- family, friends, neighbours, televisions or in movies. That is why experts suggest that students need to be aware of themselves, and the world around them in rule to fully understand and make use of information about their individual interests and what exist beyond their present(prenominal) world.It is helping them to explore their likes and dislikes, expand their apprehensiveness of the world at large, and enhance their knowledge of how business works. The whole aim is to leave students with the broadest opportunity to learn and grow. In addition to the above, the following theories will also help the individual to be equipped with personality factors, environmental factors and other factors that influences choice of career. 1. Trait-and-factor Theory 2. washstand Holland Career Choice Typology 3. Anne roe Personality/Need Theory 4. The Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad and Herman Theory 5. Donald Supers Developmental/self-concept Theory 6. Four- Humors Theory 7. Social-Cognitive Theory 2. 3. 1 Trait and Factor/Actuarial Theory of Career DevelopmentIt is also called hauling or actuarial approach. It is referred t o as the oldest theoretical approach to career development and Parsons as the originator (Kankam & Onivehu, 2000). It is based on the measurement of individual characteristics denoted as traits and factors. Traits refer to characteristics typical of the individual over time, relatively stable, consistent in situations and provide a buns for measuring, describing and predicting behaviour. Factor refers to a construct which represents a group of traits that match with each other. Williamson (1939, 1949) cited in Zunker (1990) was one of the bad advocate of trait-and-factor counselling.Utilization of Williamsons counselling procedures well-kept the early impetus of trait-and-factor approach evolving from the works of Parsons. Even when integrated into other theories of career guidance, the trait-and factor approach plays a very important role. Some of the basic assumptions that be the trait-and-factor theory are 1) Every person has a unique pattern of traits made up of interests, values, abilities and personality characteristics, these traits can be objectively identified and pro showd to represent an individuals potential 2) Every occupation is made up of factors required for the roaring performance of that occupation.These factors can be objectively identified and represented as an occupational profile 3) It is possible to identify a fit or match between individual traits and job factors using a continuous forward problem-solving/decision making process. 4) The closer the match between personal traits and job factors the greater the likelihood for productive job performance and satisfaction. Some assumptions of this theory by Miller, and Klein and Wiener are below Miller a) Vocational development is a cognitive process b) Occupation is a single event choice is greatly stressed over development c) There is a single right occupation for everyone there is no recognition that a worker might fit well into a number of occupations. ) Single person works in eac h job one person- one job relationship e) Everyone has an occupational choice (http//faculty. tamu. trading. educ/crrobinson/512/tandf. htm) Klein & Wiener a) Each individual has a unique set of traits that can be measured reliably and validly. b) Occupation require that workers possess certain traits for success c) Choice of occupation is straight forward process and matching is possible d) The closer the match between personal characteristics and job requirements, the greater the likelihood for success-productivity and satisfaction (http//faculty. tamu. commerce. educ/crrobinson/512/tandf. htm) It called for clear understanding of oneself.Knowledge of job requirements, conditions of success, and received reasoning in relation to these two groups of facts. This theory is used by many career practitioners in one form or another. Many of the aptitude, personality and interest tests and information materials that emerged from this approach have involved and remain in use up to now e . g. General Aptitude Test Battery, occupational profiles and ever expanding estimator-based career guidance programmes. Trait-and- factor theory is criticised as not able to produce a complete(a) match between people and jobs (Walsh, 1990) and became increasingly unpopular in the 1970s, describe as going into incipient decline (Crites, 1981).In essence, the trait-and-factor approach is far too narrow in scope to be considered as a major theory of career development. However, we should substantiate that standardized assessment and occupational analysis procedures stressed in trait-and-factor approaches are useful in career counselling (Zunker, 1990). In addition to the above, trait-and-factor theory focuses on personality factors without considering the influence of environmental factor like availability of jobs to match the individuals trait and interpersonal factors in career choice. And can not provide enough bases for the current studies. 2. 3. 2 John Hollands Vocational Pers onalityJohn Hollands theory shows that there is a match between an individuals career choice and his or her personality and numerous variables that form their background (Zunker, 1990). According to this theorist, once individuals find a career that fits their personality, they are more likely to enjoy that particular career and to stay in a job for a longer period of time than individuals whose work do not suit their personality. He groups individuals into six basic personality types. Hollands theory rests on four assumptions 1. In our culture, persons can be categorized as one of the following Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional. 2.There are six modal environments possible, fact-finding, chaste, social, industrious and conventional. 3. People search for environments that will let them exercise their skills and abilities, express their attitudes and values, and take on agreeable problems and roles. 4. Behaviour is determined by an action between personality and environment (Bedu-Addo, 2000). According to Holland, realistic personality types are practical, stable, self-controlled, independent and down to earth. They enjoy working with their hands, especially in projects which allow one to be physically active, they may be a doer. These individuals are physically salubrious and have very little social know-how.They are oriented towards practical careers such as labour, farmer, truck driver, mechanic, construction work, direct or surveyor, landscape architect, aircraft mechanic, dental technician, electrician, athletic trainer, carpenter, licensed practical nurse, archaeologist, hairdresser, physical therapist, dressmaker, cut fighter, caterer, plumber, x-ray technician, etc. According to him, the investigative personality types are conceptually and theoretically oriented. Investigators are observant and curious about things around them. Typically they are meddlesome and intellectually self-confident as well as qu ite logical. They delight in situations that call for creative or analytical approach. They are thinkers rather than doers. They enjoy working on their own. They are best meet for careers that offer clearly defined procedures, research and the chance to explore a massive range of ideas are the best choices for investigating people, e. g. ractical nursing, medical lab assistant, pharmacist, ecologist, math teacher, medical technologist, research analyst, surgeon, dietician, physician, police detective, veterinarian, meteorologist, horticulturist, dentist, computer analyst, science teacher, technical writer, science lab technician, computer system analyst, military analyst, college professor, lawyer, consumer researcher, astronomer, computer security specialist, horticulture, emergency medical technology, respiratory therapy, functional technology, dental assistant, water and waste technology, computer languages, computer sciences, economics, biochemistry, geology. According to Ho lland, artistic personality types are original, innovative, imaginative, and creative. They prefer situations that are relatively nstructured and interact with their world through artistic expression, avoiding conventional and interpersonal situations in many instances. They do well as painters, writers, or musicians, artist, English teacher, drama coach, music teacher, graphic designer, advertizement manager, fashion illustrator, interior decorator, photographer, journalist, reporter, cosmetologist, librarian, museum curator, cartographer, dance instructor, entertainer, performer, architect, etc. According to theorist, social personality types are understandable, friendly and people oriented. These individuals often have good verbal skills and interpersonal relations. They are helpers and enjoy jobs that let them interact with people.They are well equipped to enter professions such as teacher, social worker, counsellor, youth services worker, recreation director, physical therapis t, occupational therapist, extension agent, therapist, teacher, military unit director, funeral director, minister, chamber of commerce executive, athletic coach, claims adjuster, parole officer, attorney, sales representative, seaworthiness instructor, cosmetologist, paramedic, mental health specialist, social worker, nurse, dietician, information clerk, child care worker, travel agent, airway personnel, receptionist, waiter/waitress, office worker, home health aide, career counsellor, etc. According to him, energetic personality types are gregarious, dominant and adventurous. They are generally extroverted and will often initiate projects involving many people and are good at convincing people to do things their way. They have strong interpersonal skills and enjoy work that brings them into contact with people.They are best counselled to enter career such as real estate appraiser, florist, lawyer, TV/radio announcer, branch manager, lobbyist, insurance manager, personnel recrui ter, office manager, travel agent, advertising agent, advertising executive, politician, business manager. According to Holland, conventional personality type refers to those individuals who show a dislike for unstructured activities. They enjoy collecting and organizing information in effective and practical way. They are often like being part of large companies though not inevitably in leadership positions. They enjoy crocked routines and following clearly defined procedures.They are best suited for jobs as subordinates, banker, file clerks, accountant, Business teacher, bookkeeper, actuary, librarian, proof reader, administrative assistant, opinion manager, estimator, cad operator, reservations agent, bank manager, cartographer cost analyst, court reporter, medical secretary, auditor statistician, financial analyst, safety inspector, tax consultant, insurance insurance underwriter , computer operator, medical lab technologist, cashier, hotel clerk, etc. It has been employed a s popular assessment tools such as the Self-Directed Search, Vocational Preference Inventory and Strong lodge in Inventory. Dictionary of Holland occupational Code came as a result of Hollands work. John Holland created a hexagonal model that shows the relationship between the personality types and environments. pic Figure 2. 1 Holland Hexagonal Model It could be observe that the personality types close to each other are more alike than those further away.We can see this most clearly when we compare the personalities diametric each other, on the hexagon. For example, read the description of the types for Realistic and Social. You will see that they are virtually the opposite of each other. On the other hand, Social and Artistic are not that far apart. Holland topology is based on the following key concepts Congruence it refers to the degree of fit between an individuals personality orientations and actual or contemplated work environment. One is believed to be more satisfied with his career and can perform better if he is in a congruent work environment. Consistency it refers to the degree of relationship between types or the various classifications.Types that are bordering on the hexagon have more in common than types that are opposite. For instance, the conventional type might be more realistic and enterprising than be artistic. Differentiation it is the arrangement of differences or a difference among two or more things. It refers to the degree to which a person or his environment is clearly defined. Vocational identity extent to which a person has a clear self perception of his or her characteristics and goals, and to the degree of constancy which an occupational environment provides.Hollands theory is criticised as basically descriptive with focus on explanation of casual basis of time period in development of hierarchies of the personal model styles. He was concerned with factors that influence career choice rather than development process that l eads to career choice (Zunker, 1990). This theory focus mainly on how a personality can be matched with a career rather than how other factors like environmental and/or interpersonal factors influence the individuals choice. It is therefore limited as far as the current research is concerned. 2. 3. 3 Anne Roes Personality/Need Theory Akinade, Sokan and Oserenren (1996) posit that this theory see ones need as the main determinant of the nature of an individuals interests including vocational interest.This theorist was of the view that career choice is based on childishness orientation or experience at home to satisfy needs and that people choose occupation that satisfies important needs. This theory attempts to understand, make meaning of, and utilize individual motives, purposes and drives to support career development. She believed work can satisfy needs in different ways hence classification of occupation into eight groups. According to Roe (1956) cited in Zunker (1990), the firs t five can be classified as person-oriented and the last three as non-person oriented. 1. Service (something for another person) 2. Business contact (selling and supplying services) 3. Organisation (management in business, industry and government) 4.Technology (product maintenance, transportation of commodities ) 5. Outdoors (cultivating, preserving natural resources) 6. Science (scientific theory and its application) 7. General culture (preserving and transmitting cultural heritage) & 8. Arts and entertainment (creative art and entertainment) Anne Roes theory was based on Abraham Maslows pecking order of needs stated in this order 1. Physiological needs 2. Safety needs 3. Need for belongingness and love 4. Need for importance, respect, self-esteem and independence 5. Need for information 6. Need for understanding 7. Need for beauty and aesthetic 8. Need for self-actualization